Live demo: four real forecasts and plans

These are real runs of 4castPlannr on public data. Each forecast was made without seeing the weeks that followed, so you can compare it with what actually happened. Hover over a chart to read the numbers.

Dairy producer: daily unit sales for 7 yogurt products, next 28 days

"Forecast daily unit sales for each of our 7 yogurt products for the next 28 days so we can schedule production runs and cut product that gets returned."

The request, in the customer's words.

We expect about 299,208 units sold over the next 28 days across all 6 series, about 10,686 per day on average.

Forecast vs what actually happened

Units sold (product 1): recent history, the forecast with its 80% range, and what actually happened02k4kOct 9Oct 23Nov 6Nov 20Dec 4Dec 18Forecast made hereSun Oct 9, 2022: 1.9k units soldMon Oct 10, 2022: 3.7k units soldTue Oct 11, 2022: 2.6k units soldWed Oct 12, 2022: 4.7k units soldThu Oct 13, 2022: 2.3k units soldFri Oct 14, 2022: 3k units soldSat Oct 15, 2022: 1.7k units soldSun Oct 16, 2022: 1.1k units soldMon Oct 17, 2022: 4.9k units soldTue Oct 18, 2022: 2.5k units soldWed Oct 19, 2022: 3.2k units soldThu Oct 20, 2022: 3.1k units soldFri Oct 21, 2022: 2.7k units soldSat Oct 22, 2022: 1.8k units soldSun Oct 23, 2022: 1.3k units soldMon Oct 24, 2022: 4.5k units soldTue Oct 25, 2022: 3.3k units soldWed Oct 26, 2022: 2.9k units soldThu Oct 27, 2022: 2.2k units soldFri Oct 28, 2022: 220 units soldSat Oct 29, 2022: 1.7k units soldSun Oct 30, 2022: 1.5k units soldMon Oct 31, 2022: 4.2k units soldTue Nov 1, 2022: 4.4k units soldWed Nov 2, 2022: 3.3k units soldThu Nov 3, 2022: 4.1k units soldFri Nov 4, 2022: 2.9k units soldSat Nov 5, 2022: 1.9k units soldSun Nov 6, 2022: 891 units soldMon Nov 7, 2022: 3.9k units soldTue Nov 8, 2022: 2.3k units soldWed Nov 9, 2022: 2.4k units soldThu Nov 10, 2022: 2.9k units soldFri Nov 11, 2022: 3.1k units soldSat Nov 12, 2022: 1.6k units soldSun Nov 13, 2022: 2.4k units soldMon Nov 14, 2022: 3.7k units soldTue Nov 15, 2022: 2.9k units soldWed Nov 16, 2022: 2.1k units soldThu Nov 17, 2022: 3k units soldFri Nov 18, 2022: 2.6k units soldSat Nov 19, 2022: 1.3k units soldSun Nov 20, 2022: 2.4k units soldMon Nov 21, 2022: 2.9k units soldTue Nov 22, 2022: 1.9k units soldWed Nov 23, 2022: 2k units soldThu Nov 24, 2022: 3.4k units soldFri Nov 25, 2022: 2.2k units soldSat Nov 26, 2022: 1.5k units soldSun Nov 27, 2022: 1.2k units soldMon Nov 28, 2022: 4.5k units soldTue Nov 29, 2022: 1.9k units soldWed Nov 30, 2022: 2.3k units soldThu Dec 1, 2022: 2.8k units soldFri Dec 2, 2022: 2.5k units soldSat Dec 3, 2022: 1.6k units soldSun Dec 4, 2022: forecast 930 (80% range 374 to 1.6k), actual 444Mon Dec 5, 2022: forecast 3.3k (80% range 2.6k to 4.1k), actual 3.5kTue Dec 6, 2022: forecast 2.2k (80% range 1.5k to 3k), actual 2.2kWed Dec 7, 2022: forecast 2.6k (80% range 1.9k to 3.4k), actual 1.9kThu Dec 8, 2022: forecast 2.9k (80% range 2.2k to 3.7k), actual 3.9kFri Dec 9, 2022: forecast 2.3k (80% range 1.6k to 2.9k), actual 2.5kSat Dec 10, 2022: forecast 1.3k (80% range 698 to 1.8k), actual 1.6kSun Dec 11, 2022: forecast 981 (80% range 458 to 1.6k), actual 1.5kMon Dec 12, 2022: forecast 3.3k (80% range 2.6k to 4k), actual 2.3kTue Dec 13, 2022: forecast 2.2k (80% range 1.5k to 3.1k), actual 2.3kWed Dec 14, 2022: forecast 2.7k (80% range 2k to 3.5k), actual 2kThu Dec 15, 2022: forecast 2.9k (80% range 2.2k to 3.6k), actual 1.6kFri Dec 16, 2022: forecast 2.3k (80% range 1.6k to 3.1k), actual 3.1kSat Dec 17, 2022: forecast 1.3k (80% range 677 to 2k), actual 1.3kSun Dec 18, 2022: forecast 883 (80% range 280 to 1.5k), actual 1.7kMon Dec 19, 2022: forecast 3.2k (80% range 2.4k to 4k), actual 3.1kTue Dec 20, 2022: forecast 2.2k (80% range 1.5k to 3k), actual 2.2kWed Dec 21, 2022: forecast 2.8k (80% range 2k to 3.6k), actual 2.5kThu Dec 22, 2022: forecast 2.8k (80% range 2.1k to 3.6k), actual 2.9kFri Dec 23, 2022: forecast 2.3k (80% range 1.7k to 3k), actual 2.9kSat Dec 24, 2022: forecast 1.3k (80% range 724 to 1.9k), actual 1.2kSun Dec 25, 2022: forecast 869 (80% range 226 to 1.6k), actual 106Mon Dec 26, 2022: forecast 3.2k (80% range 2.3k to 4.2k), actual 776Tue Dec 27, 2022: forecast 2.2k (80% range 1.3k to 3.1k), actual 3.5kWed Dec 28, 2022: forecast 2.6k (80% range 1.6k to 3.6k), actual 3.1kThu Dec 29, 2022: forecast 2.5k (80% range 1.2k to 3.6k), actual 2.2kFri Dec 30, 2022: forecast 1.4k (80% range 253 to 2.8k), actual 2.3kSat Dec 31, 2022: forecast 595 (80% range 0 to 1.6k), actual 946

product 1. Dark line: history. Teal: the forecast made on December 3, 2022 with its 80% range (shaded). Dotted line: what actually happened. Typical error over these 28 days: 26.3%.
Units sold (product 2): recent history, the forecast with its 80% range, and what actually happened01k2kOct 9Oct 23Nov 6Nov 20Dec 4Dec 18Forecast made hereSun Oct 9, 2022: 915 units soldMon Oct 10, 2022: 622 units soldTue Oct 11, 2022: 751 units soldWed Oct 12, 2022: 726 units soldThu Oct 13, 2022: 949 units soldFri Oct 14, 2022: 571 units soldSat Oct 15, 2022: 283 units soldSun Oct 16, 2022: 282 units soldMon Oct 17, 2022: 787 units soldTue Oct 18, 2022: 720 units soldWed Oct 19, 2022: 672 units soldThu Oct 20, 2022: 881 units soldFri Oct 21, 2022: 519 units soldSat Oct 22, 2022: 295 units soldSun Oct 23, 2022: 420 units soldMon Oct 24, 2022: 739 units soldTue Oct 25, 2022: 1.2k units soldWed Oct 26, 2022: 578 units soldThu Oct 27, 2022: 378 units soldFri Oct 28, 2022: 324 units soldSat Oct 29, 2022: 446 units soldSun Oct 30, 2022: 702 units soldMon Oct 31, 2022: 564 units soldTue Nov 1, 2022: 789 units soldWed Nov 2, 2022: 829 units soldThu Nov 3, 2022: 609 units soldFri Nov 4, 2022: 576 units soldSat Nov 5, 2022: 175 units soldSun Nov 6, 2022: 421 units soldMon Nov 7, 2022: 595 units soldTue Nov 8, 2022: 488 units soldWed Nov 9, 2022: 817 units soldThu Nov 10, 2022: 711 units soldFri Nov 11, 2022: 421 units soldSat Nov 12, 2022: 181 units soldSun Nov 13, 2022: 420 units soldMon Nov 14, 2022: 609 units soldTue Nov 15, 2022: 589 units soldWed Nov 16, 2022: 744 units soldThu Nov 17, 2022: 492 units soldFri Nov 18, 2022: 422 units soldSat Nov 19, 2022: 261 units soldSun Nov 20, 2022: 528 units soldMon Nov 21, 2022: 390 units soldTue Nov 22, 2022: 557 units soldWed Nov 23, 2022: 467 units soldThu Nov 24, 2022: 772 units soldFri Nov 25, 2022: 431 units soldSat Nov 26, 2022: 190 units soldSun Nov 27, 2022: 294 units soldMon Nov 28, 2022: 676 units soldTue Nov 29, 2022: 628 units soldWed Nov 30, 2022: 672 units soldThu Dec 1, 2022: 459 units soldFri Dec 2, 2022: 505 units soldSat Dec 3, 2022: 175 units soldSun Dec 4, 2022: forecast 302 (80% range 174 to 482), actual 456Mon Dec 5, 2022: forecast 584 (80% range 437 to 771), actual 716Tue Dec 6, 2022: forecast 570 (80% range 442 to 737), actual 574Wed Dec 7, 2022: forecast 642 (80% range 511 to 819), actual 325Thu Dec 8, 2022: forecast 620 (80% range 458 to 840), actual 535Fri Dec 9, 2022: forecast 478 (80% range 318 to 713), actual 348Sat Dec 10, 2022: forecast 226 (80% range 99 to 434), actual 328Sun Dec 11, 2022: forecast 402 (80% range 225 to 721), actual 378Mon Dec 12, 2022: forecast 721 (80% range 474 to 1.1k), actual 560Tue Dec 13, 2022: forecast 729 (80% range 453 to 1.2k), actual 559Wed Dec 14, 2022: forecast 823 (80% range 508 to 1.3k), actual 661Thu Dec 15, 2022: forecast 885 (80% range 497 to 1.5k), actual 612Fri Dec 16, 2022: forecast 785 (80% range 332 to 1.6k), actual 432Sat Dec 17, 2022: forecast 475 (80% range 131 to 1.3k), actual 150Sun Dec 18, 2022: forecast 717 (80% range 272 to 1.5k), actual 186Mon Dec 19, 2022: forecast 998 (80% range 546 to 1.7k), actual 1.2kTue Dec 20, 2022: forecast 941 (80% range 507 to 1.5k), actual 1kWed Dec 21, 2022: forecast 930 (80% range 474 to 1.6k), actual 2kThu Dec 22, 2022: forecast 854 (80% range 382 to 1.6k), actual 866Fri Dec 23, 2022: forecast 638 (80% range 174 to 1.5k), actual 641Sat Dec 24, 2022: forecast 372 (80% range 0 to 1.1k), actual 410Sun Dec 25, 2022: forecast 548 (80% range 107 to 1.4k), actual 180Mon Dec 26, 2022: forecast 742 (80% range 348 to 1.4k), actual 936Tue Dec 27, 2022: forecast 710 (80% range 361 to 1.3k), actual 915Wed Dec 28, 2022: forecast 759 (80% range 424 to 1.3k), actual 1.4kThu Dec 29, 2022: forecast 701 (80% range 388 to 1.1k), actual 605Fri Dec 30, 2022: forecast 512 (80% range 251 to 921), actual 1.4kSat Dec 31, 2022: forecast 281 (80% range 80 to 629), actual 284

product 2. Dark line: history. Teal: the forecast made on December 3, 2022 with its 80% range (shaded). Dotted line: what actually happened. Typical error over these 28 days: 35.8%.
Units sold (product 3): recent history, the forecast with its 80% range, and what actually happened01k2kOct 9Oct 23Nov 6Nov 20Dec 4Dec 18Forecast made hereSun Oct 9, 2022: 821 units soldMon Oct 10, 2022: 1.4k units soldTue Oct 11, 2022: 1.3k units soldWed Oct 12, 2022: 1.9k units soldThu Oct 13, 2022: 1.1k units soldFri Oct 14, 2022: 1k units soldSat Oct 15, 2022: 757 units soldSun Oct 16, 2022: 832 units soldMon Oct 17, 2022: 1.4k units soldTue Oct 18, 2022: 1k units soldWed Oct 19, 2022: 1.5k units soldThu Oct 20, 2022: 1.3k units soldFri Oct 21, 2022: 900 units soldSat Oct 22, 2022: 874 units soldSun Oct 23, 2022: 652 units soldMon Oct 24, 2022: 1.9k units soldTue Oct 25, 2022: 1k units soldWed Oct 26, 2022: 887 units soldThu Oct 27, 2022: 678 units soldFri Oct 28, 2022: 80 units soldSat Oct 29, 2022: 605 units soldSun Oct 30, 2022: 1.1k units soldMon Oct 31, 2022: 1.2k units soldTue Nov 1, 2022: 1.4k units soldWed Nov 2, 2022: 1.2k units soldThu Nov 3, 2022: 906 units soldFri Nov 4, 2022: 635 units soldSat Nov 5, 2022: 546 units soldSun Nov 6, 2022: 386 units soldMon Nov 7, 2022: 1.2k units soldTue Nov 8, 2022: 788 units soldWed Nov 9, 2022: 597 units soldThu Nov 10, 2022: 587 units soldFri Nov 11, 2022: 686 units soldSat Nov 12, 2022: 465 units soldSun Nov 13, 2022: 896 units soldMon Nov 14, 2022: 767 units soldTue Nov 15, 2022: 937 units soldWed Nov 16, 2022: 602 units soldThu Nov 17, 2022: 732 units soldFri Nov 18, 2022: 646 units soldSat Nov 19, 2022: 553 units soldSun Nov 20, 2022: 1k units soldMon Nov 21, 2022: 502 units soldTue Nov 22, 2022: 714 units soldWed Nov 23, 2022: 385 units soldThu Nov 24, 2022: 734 units soldFri Nov 25, 2022: 610 units soldSat Nov 26, 2022: 486 units soldSun Nov 27, 2022: 336 units soldMon Nov 28, 2022: 1.1k units soldTue Nov 29, 2022: 555 units soldWed Nov 30, 2022: 632 units soldThu Dec 1, 2022: 574 units soldFri Dec 2, 2022: 590 units soldSat Dec 3, 2022: 583 units soldSun Dec 4, 2022: forecast 472 (80% range 240 to 748), actual 476Mon Dec 5, 2022: forecast 772 (80% range 477 to 1.2k), actual 1.2kTue Dec 6, 2022: forecast 642 (80% range 365 to 982), actual 579Wed Dec 7, 2022: forecast 677 (80% range 400 to 1k), actual 513Thu Dec 8, 2022: forecast 713 (80% range 445 to 1k), actual 629Fri Dec 9, 2022: forecast 509 (80% range 292 to 773), actual 536Sat Dec 10, 2022: forecast 454 (80% range 251 to 701), actual 339Sun Dec 11, 2022: forecast 464 (80% range 236 to 717), actual 324Mon Dec 12, 2022: forecast 740 (80% range 463 to 1.1k), actual 770Tue Dec 13, 2022: forecast 628 (80% range 346 to 958), actual 800Wed Dec 14, 2022: forecast 655 (80% range 358 to 1k), actual 565Thu Dec 15, 2022: forecast 695 (80% range 408 to 1.1k), actual 499Fri Dec 16, 2022: forecast 490 (80% range 244 to 762), actual 507Sat Dec 17, 2022: forecast 426 (80% range 198 to 697), actual 505Sun Dec 18, 2022: forecast 408 (80% range 175 to 698), actual 476Mon Dec 19, 2022: forecast 690 (80% range 390 to 1.1k), actual 970Tue Dec 20, 2022: forecast 611 (80% range 301 to 961), actual 568Wed Dec 21, 2022: forecast 640 (80% range 324 to 1k), actual 1.1kThu Dec 22, 2022: forecast 670 (80% range 353 to 1k), actual 680Fri Dec 23, 2022: forecast 478 (80% range 174 to 788), actual 594Sat Dec 24, 2022: forecast 414 (80% range 109 to 741), actual 263Sun Dec 25, 2022: forecast 388 (80% range 67 to 735), actual 123Mon Dec 26, 2022: forecast 597 (80% range 224 to 1k), actual 180Tue Dec 27, 2022: forecast 483 (80% range 116 to 890), actual 799Wed Dec 28, 2022: forecast 481 (80% range 69 to 928), actual 997Thu Dec 29, 2022: forecast 507 (80% range 56 to 989), actual 534Fri Dec 30, 2022: forecast 264 (80% range 0 to 701), actual 687Sat Dec 31, 2022: forecast 219 (80% range 0 to 610), actual 101

product 3. Dark line: history. Teal: the forecast made on December 3, 2022 with its 80% range (shaded). Dotted line: what actually happened. Typical error over these 28 days: 29.6%.
Units sold (product 4): recent history, the forecast with its 80% range, and what actually happened05001k1.5kOct 9Oct 23Nov 6Nov 20Dec 4Dec 18Forecast made hereSun Oct 9, 2022: 525 units soldMon Oct 10, 2022: 1.1k units soldTue Oct 11, 2022: 1.2k units soldWed Oct 12, 2022: 1.1k units soldThu Oct 13, 2022: 847 units soldFri Oct 14, 2022: 1.5k units soldSat Oct 15, 2022: 866 units soldSun Oct 16, 2022: 622 units soldMon Oct 17, 2022: 856 units soldTue Oct 18, 2022: 1.2k units soldWed Oct 19, 2022: 1k units soldThu Oct 20, 2022: 1.5k units soldFri Oct 21, 2022: 1.4k units soldSat Oct 22, 2022: 683 units soldSun Oct 23, 2022: 815 units soldMon Oct 24, 2022: 332 units soldTue Oct 25, 2022: 1.5k units soldWed Oct 26, 2022: 895 units soldThu Oct 27, 2022: 996 units soldFri Oct 28, 2022: 184 units soldSat Oct 29, 2022: 1.1k units soldSun Oct 30, 2022: 747 units soldMon Oct 31, 2022: 608 units soldTue Nov 1, 2022: 588 units soldWed Nov 2, 2022: 955 units soldThu Nov 3, 2022: 1.8k units soldFri Nov 4, 2022: 804 units soldSat Nov 5, 2022: 782 units soldSun Nov 6, 2022: 466 units soldMon Nov 7, 2022: 367 units soldTue Nov 8, 2022: 1.3k units soldWed Nov 9, 2022: 905 units soldThu Nov 10, 2022: 1.4k units soldFri Nov 11, 2022: 972 units soldSat Nov 12, 2022: 526 units soldSun Nov 13, 2022: 636 units soldMon Nov 14, 2022: 1.4k units soldTue Nov 15, 2022: 801 units soldWed Nov 16, 2022: 921 units soldThu Nov 17, 2022: 724 units soldFri Nov 18, 2022: 947 units soldSat Nov 19, 2022: 787 units soldSun Nov 20, 2022: 501 units soldMon Nov 21, 2022: 953 units soldTue Nov 22, 2022: 1.3k units soldWed Nov 23, 2022: 725 units soldThu Nov 24, 2022: 847 units soldFri Nov 25, 2022: 923 units soldSat Nov 26, 2022: 583 units soldSun Nov 27, 2022: 599 units soldMon Nov 28, 2022: 324 units soldTue Nov 29, 2022: 892 units soldWed Nov 30, 2022: 771 units soldThu Dec 1, 2022: 691 units soldFri Dec 2, 2022: 1.8k units soldSat Dec 3, 2022: 669 units soldSun Dec 4, 2022: forecast 478 (80% range 190 to 836), actual 212Mon Dec 5, 2022: forecast 799 (80% range 440 to 1.2k), actual 323Tue Dec 6, 2022: forecast 885 (80% range 513 to 1.3k), actual 1.6kWed Dec 7, 2022: forecast 865 (80% range 499 to 1.3k), actual 591Thu Dec 8, 2022: forecast 967 (80% range 588 to 1.4k), actual 538Fri Dec 9, 2022: forecast 845 (80% range 497 to 1.2k), actual 1.1kSat Dec 10, 2022: forecast 588 (80% range 281 to 935), actual 422Sun Dec 11, 2022: forecast 519 (80% range 208 to 864), actual 362Mon Dec 12, 2022: forecast 766 (80% range 422 to 1.2k), actual 225Tue Dec 13, 2022: forecast 840 (80% range 483 to 1.3k), actual 1.1kWed Dec 14, 2022: forecast 819 (80% range 452 to 1.2k), actual 698Thu Dec 15, 2022: forecast 900 (80% range 529 to 1.3k), actual 637Fri Dec 16, 2022: forecast 836 (80% range 480 to 1.2k), actual 1.2kSat Dec 17, 2022: forecast 566 (80% range 242 to 944), actual 610Sun Dec 18, 2022: forecast 477 (80% range 176 to 863), actual 305Mon Dec 19, 2022: forecast 765 (80% range 408 to 1.2k), actual 480Tue Dec 20, 2022: forecast 840 (80% range 486 to 1.2k), actual 775Wed Dec 21, 2022: forecast 843 (80% range 482 to 1.2k), actual 932Thu Dec 22, 2022: forecast 923 (80% range 528 to 1.3k), actual 1kFri Dec 23, 2022: forecast 805 (80% range 421 to 1.2k), actual 1.5kSat Dec 24, 2022: forecast 569 (80% range 239 to 954), actual 422Sun Dec 25, 2022: forecast 484 (80% range 134 to 871)Mon Dec 26, 2022: forecast 709 (80% range 322 to 1.2k), actual 660Tue Dec 27, 2022: forecast 786 (80% range 389 to 1.3k), actual 755Wed Dec 28, 2022: forecast 701 (80% range 267 to 1.3k), actual 639Thu Dec 29, 2022: forecast 719 (80% range 190 to 1.5k), actual 573Fri Dec 30, 2022: forecast 694 (80% range 152 to 1.5k), actual 1.2kSat Dec 31, 2022: forecast 527 (80% range 86 to 1.2k), actual 331

product 4. Dark line: history. Teal: the forecast made on December 3, 2022 with its 80% range (shaded). Dotted line: what actually happened. Typical error over these 28 days: 35.6%.
Units sold (product 6): recent history, the forecast with its 80% range, and what actually happened05k10kOct 9Oct 23Nov 6Nov 20Dec 4Dec 18Forecast made hereSun Oct 9, 2022: 4.8k units soldMon Oct 10, 2022: 6.5k units soldTue Oct 11, 2022: 5.8k units soldWed Oct 12, 2022: 5.3k units soldThu Oct 13, 2022: 4.1k units soldFri Oct 14, 2022: 3.7k units soldSat Oct 15, 2022: 4.2k units soldSun Oct 16, 2022: 3.7k units soldMon Oct 17, 2022: 8.7k units soldTue Oct 18, 2022: 6.1k units soldWed Oct 19, 2022: 6.1k units soldThu Oct 20, 2022: 6k units soldFri Oct 21, 2022: 4.5k units soldSat Oct 22, 2022: 4.2k units soldSun Oct 23, 2022: 3k units soldMon Oct 24, 2022: 8.3k units soldTue Oct 25, 2022: 7.3k units soldWed Oct 26, 2022: 4.7k units soldThu Oct 27, 2022: 4.3k units soldFri Oct 28, 2022: 600 units soldSat Oct 29, 2022: 4k units soldSun Oct 30, 2022: 3.6k units soldMon Oct 31, 2022: 9.5k units soldTue Nov 1, 2022: 7.2k units soldWed Nov 2, 2022: 7k units soldThu Nov 3, 2022: 7k units soldFri Nov 4, 2022: 5.2k units soldSat Nov 5, 2022: 4.3k units soldSun Nov 6, 2022: 3.2k units soldMon Nov 7, 2022: 7.4k units soldTue Nov 8, 2022: 5.3k units soldWed Nov 9, 2022: 6.1k units soldThu Nov 10, 2022: 5.8k units soldFri Nov 11, 2022: 5.6k units soldSat Nov 12, 2022: 4.5k units soldSun Nov 13, 2022: 5.3k units soldMon Nov 14, 2022: 6.4k units soldTue Nov 15, 2022: 6.6k units soldWed Nov 16, 2022: 6.7k units soldThu Nov 17, 2022: 4.8k units soldFri Nov 18, 2022: 4.4k units soldSat Nov 19, 2022: 3.4k units soldSun Nov 20, 2022: 4.6k units soldMon Nov 21, 2022: 5.1k units soldTue Nov 22, 2022: 4.4k units soldWed Nov 23, 2022: 4.5k units soldThu Nov 24, 2022: 5.2k units soldFri Nov 25, 2022: 3.2k units soldSat Nov 26, 2022: 3.5k units soldSun Nov 27, 2022: 3.4k units soldMon Nov 28, 2022: 7.8k units soldTue Nov 29, 2022: 4.8k units soldWed Nov 30, 2022: 7.5k units soldThu Dec 1, 2022: 5.1k units soldFri Dec 2, 2022: 5k units soldSat Dec 3, 2022: 3.9k units soldSun Dec 4, 2022: forecast 3.3k (80% range 2.1k to 4.4k), actual 3.1kMon Dec 5, 2022: forecast 6k (80% range 4.5k to 7.7k), actual 7.2kTue Dec 6, 2022: forecast 5.7k (80% range 4.2k to 7.2k), actual 4.8kWed Dec 7, 2022: forecast 6k (80% range 4.5k to 7.5k), actual 4.8kThu Dec 8, 2022: forecast 5.5k (80% range 4k to 7k), actual 5.4kFri Dec 9, 2022: forecast 4.8k (80% range 3.4k to 6.1k), actual 4.7kSat Dec 10, 2022: forecast 3.7k (80% range 2.5k to 5k), actual 3.9kSun Dec 11, 2022: forecast 3.3k (80% range 2k to 4.5k), actual 2.3kMon Dec 12, 2022: forecast 6k (80% range 4.4k to 7.6k), actual 6.8kTue Dec 13, 2022: forecast 5.7k (80% range 4.2k to 7.2k), actual 5.4kWed Dec 14, 2022: forecast 5.8k (80% range 4.2k to 7.5k), actual 5.3kThu Dec 15, 2022: forecast 5.5k (80% range 3.9k to 7k), actual 5.2kFri Dec 16, 2022: forecast 4.8k (80% range 3.4k to 6.1k), actual 5.5kSat Dec 17, 2022: forecast 3.8k (80% range 2.5k to 5k), actual 4kSun Dec 18, 2022: forecast 3.2k (80% range 1.9k to 4.4k), actual 3kMon Dec 19, 2022: forecast 5.9k (80% range 4.2k to 7.5k), actual 8kTue Dec 20, 2022: forecast 5.6k (80% range 3.9k to 7.2k), actual 5.9kWed Dec 21, 2022: forecast 5.7k (80% range 4k to 7.2k), actual 6.4kThu Dec 22, 2022: forecast 5.3k (80% range 3.7k to 6.7k), actual 5.9kFri Dec 23, 2022: forecast 4.6k (80% range 3k to 5.9k), actual 6.1kSat Dec 24, 2022: forecast 3.6k (80% range 2k to 4.8k), actual 2.7kSun Dec 25, 2022: forecast 3k (80% range 1.2k to 4.2k), actual 928Mon Dec 26, 2022: forecast 5.5k (80% range 3.6k to 7.3k), actual 1.5kTue Dec 27, 2022: forecast 5.3k (80% range 3.2k to 7k), actual 7kWed Dec 28, 2022: forecast 5.4k (80% range 3.3k to 7.3k), actual 6.6kThu Dec 29, 2022: forecast 5.1k (80% range 2.8k to 7.1k), actual 5.8kFri Dec 30, 2022: forecast 4.3k (80% range 2.2k to 6.1k), actual 6kSat Dec 31, 2022: forecast 3.2k (80% range 1.2k to 4.9k), actual 3.3k

product 6. Dark line: history. Teal: the forecast made on December 3, 2022 with its 80% range (shaded). Dotted line: what actually happened. Typical error over these 28 days: 18.5%.
Units sold (product 7): recent history, the forecast with its 80% range, and what actually happened02k4kOct 9Oct 23Nov 6Nov 20Dec 4Dec 18Forecast made hereSun Oct 9, 2022: 1.8k units soldMon Oct 10, 2022: 2.4k units soldTue Oct 11, 2022: 2.1k units soldWed Oct 12, 2022: 1.9k units soldThu Oct 13, 2022: 1.5k units soldFri Oct 14, 2022: 1.4k units soldSat Oct 15, 2022: 1.5k units soldSun Oct 16, 2022: 1.3k units soldMon Oct 17, 2022: 3.2k units soldTue Oct 18, 2022: 2.2k units soldWed Oct 19, 2022: 2.2k units soldThu Oct 20, 2022: 2.2k units soldFri Oct 21, 2022: 1.7k units soldSat Oct 22, 2022: 1.6k units soldSun Oct 23, 2022: 1.1k units soldMon Oct 24, 2022: 3k units soldTue Oct 25, 2022: 2.7k units soldWed Oct 26, 2022: 1.7k units soldThu Oct 27, 2022: 1.6k units soldFri Oct 28, 2022: 220 units soldSat Oct 29, 2022: 1.5k units soldSun Oct 30, 2022: 1.3k units soldMon Oct 31, 2022: 3.5k units soldTue Nov 1, 2022: 2.6k units soldWed Nov 2, 2022: 2.6k units soldThu Nov 3, 2022: 2.6k units soldFri Nov 4, 2022: 1.9k units soldSat Nov 5, 2022: 1.6k units soldSun Nov 6, 2022: 1.2k units soldMon Nov 7, 2022: 2.7k units soldTue Nov 8, 2022: 1.9k units soldWed Nov 9, 2022: 2.2k units soldThu Nov 10, 2022: 2.1k units soldFri Nov 11, 2022: 2k units soldSat Nov 12, 2022: 1.6k units soldSun Nov 13, 2022: 1.9k units soldMon Nov 14, 2022: 2.4k units soldTue Nov 15, 2022: 2.4k units soldWed Nov 16, 2022: 2.5k units soldThu Nov 17, 2022: 1.8k units soldFri Nov 18, 2022: 1.6k units soldSat Nov 19, 2022: 1.3k units soldSun Nov 20, 2022: 1.7k units soldMon Nov 21, 2022: 1.9k units soldTue Nov 22, 2022: 1.6k units soldWed Nov 23, 2022: 1.6k units soldThu Nov 24, 2022: 1.9k units soldFri Nov 25, 2022: 1.2k units soldSat Nov 26, 2022: 1.3k units soldSun Nov 27, 2022: 1.3k units soldMon Nov 28, 2022: 2.8k units soldTue Nov 29, 2022: 1.7k units soldWed Nov 30, 2022: 2.7k units soldThu Dec 1, 2022: 1.9k units soldFri Dec 2, 2022: 1.8k units soldSat Dec 3, 2022: 1.4k units soldSun Dec 4, 2022: forecast 1.2k (80% range 611 to 1.7k), actual 1.1kMon Dec 5, 2022: forecast 2.2k (80% range 1.6k to 2.8k), actual 2.6kTue Dec 6, 2022: forecast 2k (80% range 1.4k to 2.6k), actual 1.8kWed Dec 7, 2022: forecast 2.1k (80% range 1.5k to 2.7k), actual 1.8kThu Dec 8, 2022: forecast 2k (80% range 1.4k to 2.6k), actual 2kFri Dec 9, 2022: forecast 1.7k (80% range 1.1k to 2.2k), actual 1.7kSat Dec 10, 2022: forecast 1.3k (80% range 781 to 1.9k), actual 1.4kSun Dec 11, 2022: forecast 1.2k (80% range 622 to 1.7k), actual 836Mon Dec 12, 2022: forecast 2.2k (80% range 1.5k to 2.8k), actual 2.5kTue Dec 13, 2022: forecast 2k (80% range 1.3k to 2.6k), actual 2kWed Dec 14, 2022: forecast 2.1k (80% range 1.5k to 2.7k), actual 2kThu Dec 15, 2022: forecast 2k (80% range 1.4k to 2.6k), actual 2kFri Dec 16, 2022: forecast 1.7k (80% range 1.1k to 2.2k), actual 2.1kSat Dec 17, 2022: forecast 1.3k (80% range 708 to 1.8k), actual 1.5kSun Dec 18, 2022: forecast 1.1k (80% range 492 to 1.7k), actual 1.1kMon Dec 19, 2022: forecast 2.1k (80% range 1.4k to 2.7k), actual 3kTue Dec 20, 2022: forecast 2k (80% range 1.3k to 2.6k), actual 2.1kWed Dec 21, 2022: forecast 2.1k (80% range 1.5k to 2.7k), actual 2.5kThu Dec 22, 2022: forecast 2k (80% range 1.4k to 2.5k), actual 1.5kFri Dec 23, 2022: forecast 1.8k (80% range 1.1k to 2.2k), actual 1.7kSat Dec 24, 2022: forecast 1.5k (80% range 825 to 1.9k), actual 2.2kSun Dec 25, 2022: forecast 1.3k (80% range 558 to 1.8k), actual 1.2kMon Dec 26, 2022: forecast 2k (80% range 1.3k to 2.7k), actual 1kTue Dec 27, 2022: forecast 1.9k (80% range 1.2k to 2.5k), actual 1kWed Dec 28, 2022: forecast 2.1k (80% range 1.3k to 2.7k), actual 2.1kThu Dec 29, 2022: forecast 1.9k (80% range 1k to 2.6k), actual 3.8kFri Dec 30, 2022: forecast 1.5k (80% range 544 to 2.4k), actual 1.4kSat Dec 31, 2022: forecast 1.2k (80% range 214 to 2k), actual 1.6k

product 7. Dark line: history. Teal: the forecast made on December 3, 2022 with its 80% range (shaded). Dotted line: what actually happened. Typical error over these 28 days: 19.7%.
Dairy accuracy: typical error (WAPE), lower is better
MethodIn testing on past data (5 runs)On the hidden 28 days
Chronos-2 with covariates chosen 19.3% 23.0%
Chronos-2 (AI foundation model) 19.7% 22.7%
Exponential smoothing (ETS) 21.5% 23.2%
Theta 21.9% 24.8%
Seasonal naive 26.8% 27.1%
Naive (last value) 45.6% 38.7%

We pick the method with the best score in testing, before seeing the hidden period. That is why the chosen method is not always the best one afterwards.

The plan: Four-week production plan for the yogurt line

Recommended: produce 58,100 units of product 1, 21,100 units of product 2, 17,700 units of product 3, 23,700 units of product 4, 140,400 units of product 6, 44,400 units of product 7 in 38 production runs over the next 28 days. Expected total cost $233,875, 12% less than producing the forecast plus 10%.

Why this plan: it balances the cost of running short ($2 per unit) against holding stock ($0.01 per unit per day), waste after the shelf life, and fixed costs per run, within the shared capacity.

Expected outcome: 91.5% of demand served, 31,438 units wasted, versus 86.9% served and 3,561 wasted with the rule of thumb.

Reality check: this plan was made as of Dec 03, 2022 without seeing later data. Replayed on what actually happened, it cost $204,542 against $225,911 for the rule of thumb: a measured saving of $21,369 (9.5%).

Stock left over at the end of the period (still within shelf life, at cost) is worth $8,925 under the plan and $400 under the rule of thumb. These comparisons count it as spent; in practice most of it carries into the next period.

Dairy plan: first 12 of 38 planned actions (with example costs)
ItemActionPacksPack sizeUnitsUnitOrder byArrivesCost
product 6produce21210021,200units2022-12-062022-12-0610,140
product 2produce261002,600units2022-12-072022-12-071,770
product 3produce161001,600units2022-12-072022-12-071,320
product 4produce181001,800units2022-12-072022-12-071,410
product 6produce2100200units2022-12-072022-12-07690
product 4produce141001,400units2022-12-082022-12-081,230
product 6produce391003,900units2022-12-082022-12-082,355
product 7produce471004,700units2022-12-082022-12-082,715
product 1produce14910014,900units2022-12-092022-12-097,305
product 3produce211002,100units2022-12-092022-12-091,545
product 4produce9100900units2022-12-102022-12-101,005
product 6produce16610016,600units2022-12-102022-12-108,070

Full case study, data source and license

Capital Bikeshare: hourly rentals for the next 7 days, using the weather

"Forecast hourly bike rentals for the next 7 days using the weather forecast, split by casual vs. registered riders, so we know where to rebalance and when to schedule maintenance."

The request, in the customer's words.

We expect about 35,590 bike rentals over the next 168 hours, about 212 per hour on average.

Forecast vs what actually happened

Bike rentals: recent history, the forecast with its 80% range, and what actually happened0250500750Mon Nov 26Wed Nov 28Fri Nov 30Mon Dec 3Wed Dec 5Fri Dec 7Forecast made hereMon Nov 26, 12 AM: 23 bike rentalsMon Nov 26, 1 AM: 10 bike rentalsMon Nov 26, 2 AM: 5 bike rentalsMon Nov 26, 3 AM: 5 bike rentalsMon Nov 26, 4 AM: 10 bike rentalsMon Nov 26, 5 AM: 41 bike rentalsMon Nov 26, 6 AM: 124 bike rentalsMon Nov 26, 7 AM: 365 bike rentalsMon Nov 26, 8 AM: 638 bike rentalsMon Nov 26, 9 AM: 286 bike rentalsMon Nov 26, 10 AM: 147 bike rentalsMon Nov 26, 11 AM: 130 bike rentalsMon Nov 26, 12 PM: 210 bike rentalsMon Nov 26, 1 PM: 217 bike rentalsMon Nov 26, 2 PM: 228 bike rentalsMon Nov 26, 3 PM: 230 bike rentalsMon Nov 26, 4 PM: 346 bike rentalsMon Nov 26, 5 PM: 553 bike rentalsMon Nov 26, 6 PM: 521 bike rentalsMon Nov 26, 7 PM: 371 bike rentalsMon Nov 26, 8 PM: 277 bike rentalsMon Nov 26, 9 PM: 181 bike rentalsMon Nov 26, 10 PM: 104 bike rentalsMon Nov 26, 11 PM: 65 bike rentalsTue Nov 27, 12 AM: 26 bike rentalsTue Nov 27, 1 AM: 6 bike rentalsTue Nov 27, 2 AM: 5 bike rentalsTue Nov 27, 3 AM: 4 bike rentalsTue Nov 27, 4 AM: 5 bike rentalsTue Nov 27, 5 AM: 31 bike rentalsTue Nov 27, 6 AM: 100 bike rentalsTue Nov 27, 7 AM: 293 bike rentalsTue Nov 27, 8 AM: 500 bike rentalsTue Nov 27, 9 AM: 268 bike rentalsTue Nov 27, 10 AM: 57 bike rentalsTue Nov 27, 11 AM: 65 bike rentalsTue Nov 27, 12 PM: 76 bike rentalsTue Nov 27, 1 PM: 77 bike rentalsTue Nov 27, 2 PM: 94 bike rentalsTue Nov 27, 3 PM: 155 bike rentalsTue Nov 27, 4 PM: 257 bike rentalsTue Nov 27, 5 PM: 527 bike rentalsTue Nov 27, 6 PM: 482 bike rentalsTue Nov 27, 7 PM: 350 bike rentalsTue Nov 27, 8 PM: 232 bike rentalsTue Nov 27, 9 PM: 185 bike rentalsTue Nov 27, 10 PM: 97 bike rentalsTue Nov 27, 11 PM: 67 bike rentalsWed Nov 28, 12 AM: 23 bike rentalsWed Nov 28, 1 AM: 12 bike rentalsWed Nov 28, 2 AM: 1 bike rentalsWed Nov 28, 3 AM: 3 bike rentalsWed Nov 28, 4 AM: 4 bike rentalsWed Nov 28, 5 AM: 39 bike rentalsWed Nov 28, 6 AM: 136 bike rentalsWed Nov 28, 7 AM: 409 bike rentalsWed Nov 28, 8 AM: 692 bike rentalsWed Nov 28, 9 AM: 322 bike rentalsWed Nov 28, 10 AM: 161 bike rentalsWed Nov 28, 11 AM: 146 bike rentalsWed Nov 28, 12 PM: 208 bike rentalsWed Nov 28, 1 PM: 214 bike rentalsWed Nov 28, 2 PM: 176 bike rentalsWed Nov 28, 3 PM: 179 bike rentalsWed Nov 28, 4 PM: 325 bike rentalsWed Nov 28, 5 PM: 563 bike rentalsWed Nov 28, 6 PM: 542 bike rentalsWed Nov 28, 7 PM: 387 bike rentalsWed Nov 28, 8 PM: 263 bike rentalsWed Nov 28, 9 PM: 223 bike rentalsWed Nov 28, 10 PM: 154 bike rentalsWed Nov 28, 11 PM: 78 bike rentalsThu Nov 29, 12 AM: 29 bike rentalsThu Nov 29, 1 AM: 16 bike rentalsThu Nov 29, 2 AM: 7 bike rentalsThu Nov 29, 3 AM: 7 bike rentalsThu Nov 29, 4 AM: 7 bike rentalsThu Nov 29, 5 AM: 42 bike rentalsThu Nov 29, 6 AM: 121 bike rentalsThu Nov 29, 7 AM: 362 bike rentalsThu Nov 29, 8 AM: 679 bike rentalsThu Nov 29, 9 AM: 299 bike rentalsThu Nov 29, 10 AM: 178 bike rentalsThu Nov 29, 11 AM: 163 bike rentalsThu Nov 29, 12 PM: 236 bike rentalsThu Nov 29, 1 PM: 224 bike rentalsThu Nov 29, 2 PM: 187 bike rentalsThu Nov 29, 3 PM: 220 bike rentalsThu Nov 29, 4 PM: 370 bike rentalsThu Nov 29, 5 PM: 561 bike rentalsThu Nov 29, 6 PM: 537 bike rentalsThu Nov 29, 7 PM: 344 bike rentalsThu Nov 29, 8 PM: 252 bike rentalsThu Nov 29, 9 PM: 208 bike rentalsThu Nov 29, 10 PM: 151 bike rentalsThu Nov 29, 11 PM: 130 bike rentalsFri Nov 30, 12 AM: 52 bike rentalsFri Nov 30, 1 AM: 19 bike rentalsFri Nov 30, 2 AM: 12 bike rentalsFri Nov 30, 3 AM: 4 bike rentalsFri Nov 30, 4 AM: 3 bike rentalsFri Nov 30, 5 AM: 40 bike rentalsFri Nov 30, 6 AM: 106 bike rentalsFri Nov 30, 7 AM: 352 bike rentalsFri Nov 30, 8 AM: 729 bike rentalsFri Nov 30, 9 AM: 330 bike rentalsFri Nov 30, 10 AM: 169 bike rentalsFri Nov 30, 11 AM: 201 bike rentalsFri Nov 30, 12 PM: 268 bike rentalsFri Nov 30, 1 PM: 262 bike rentalsFri Nov 30, 2 PM: 251 bike rentalsFri Nov 30, 3 PM: 296 bike rentalsFri Nov 30, 4 PM: 405 bike rentalsFri Nov 30, 5 PM: 582 bike rentalsFri Nov 30, 6 PM: 509 bike rentalsFri Nov 30, 7 PM: 377 bike rentalsFri Nov 30, 8 PM: 245 bike rentalsFri Nov 30, 9 PM: 183 bike rentalsFri Nov 30, 10 PM: 163 bike rentalsFri Nov 30, 11 PM: 110 bike rentalsSat Dec 1, 12 AM: 108 bike rentalsSat Dec 1, 1 AM: 69 bike rentalsSat Dec 1, 2 AM: 50 bike rentalsSat Dec 1, 3 AM: 15 bike rentalsSat Dec 1, 4 AM: 5 bike rentalsSat Dec 1, 5 AM: 13 bike rentalsSat Dec 1, 6 AM: 27 bike rentalsSat Dec 1, 7 AM: 63 bike rentalsSat Dec 1, 8 AM: 144 bike rentalsSat Dec 1, 9 AM: 193 bike rentalsSat Dec 1, 10 AM: 256 bike rentalsSat Dec 1, 11 AM: 392 bike rentalsSat Dec 1, 12 PM: 446 bike rentalsSat Dec 1, 1 PM: 509 bike rentalsSat Dec 1, 2 PM: 479 bike rentalsSat Dec 1, 3 PM: 484 bike rentalsSat Dec 1, 4 PM: 443 bike rentalsSat Dec 1, 5 PM: 320 bike rentalsSat Dec 1, 6 PM: 297 bike rentalsSat Dec 1, 7 PM: 249 bike rentalsSat Dec 1, 8 PM: 198 bike rentalsSat Dec 1, 9 PM: 158 bike rentalsSat Dec 1, 10 PM: 147 bike rentalsSat Dec 1, 11 PM: 126 bike rentalsSun Dec 2, 12 AM: 117 bike rentalsSun Dec 2, 1 AM: 94 bike rentalsSun Dec 2, 2 AM: 74 bike rentalsSun Dec 2, 3 AM: 25 bike rentalsSun Dec 2, 4 AM: 7 bike rentalsSun Dec 2, 5 AM: 8 bike rentalsSun Dec 2, 6 AM: 16 bike rentalsSun Dec 2, 7 AM: 31 bike rentalsSun Dec 2, 8 AM: 93 bike rentalsSun Dec 2, 9 AM: 172 bike rentalsSun Dec 2, 10 AM: 293 bike rentalsSun Dec 2, 11 AM: 355 bike rentalsSun Dec 2, 12 PM: 520 bike rentalsSun Dec 2, 1 PM: 431 bike rentalsSun Dec 2, 2 PM: 473 bike rentalsSun Dec 2, 3 PM: 417 bike rentalsSun Dec 2, 4 PM: 443 bike rentalsSun Dec 2, 5 PM: 303 bike rentalsSun Dec 2, 6 PM: 203 bike rentalsSun Dec 2, 7 PM: 174 bike rentalsSun Dec 2, 8 PM: 154 bike rentalsSun Dec 2, 9 PM: 99 bike rentalsSun Dec 2, 10 PM: 96 bike rentalsSun Dec 2, 11 PM: 51 bike rentalsMon Dec 3, 12 AM: forecast 29 (80% range 15 to 45), actual 21Mon Dec 3, 1 AM: forecast 20 (80% range 7.5 to 34), actual 13Mon Dec 3, 2 AM: forecast 13 (80% range 0 to 25), actual 10Mon Dec 3, 3 AM: forecast 14 (80% range 2.5 to 27), actual 8Mon Dec 3, 4 AM: forecast 18 (80% range 6 to 33), actual 5Mon Dec 3, 5 AM: forecast 39 (80% range 26 to 58), actual 38Mon Dec 3, 6 AM: forecast 132 (80% range 99 to 169), actual 138Mon Dec 3, 7 AM: forecast 403 (80% range 343 to 459), actual 396Mon Dec 3, 8 AM: forecast 672 (80% range 592 to 756), actual 731Mon Dec 3, 9 AM: forecast 302 (80% range 257 to 349), actual 308Mon Dec 3, 10 AM: forecast 169 (80% range 136 to 202), actual 136Mon Dec 3, 11 AM: forecast 192 (80% range 154 to 225), actual 233Mon Dec 3, 12 PM: forecast 264 (80% range 222 to 303), actual 268Mon Dec 3, 1 PM: forecast 262 (80% range 216 to 310), actual 321Mon Dec 3, 2 PM: forecast 244 (80% range 195 to 292), actual 260Mon Dec 3, 3 PM: forecast 271 (80% range 215 to 329), actual 268Mon Dec 3, 4 PM: forecast 398 (80% range 339 to 448), actual 442Mon Dec 3, 5 PM: forecast 638 (80% range 571 to 704), actual 708Mon Dec 3, 6 PM: forecast 581 (80% range 515 to 642), actual 692Mon Dec 3, 7 PM: forecast 386 (80% range 326 to 437), actual 471Mon Dec 3, 8 PM: forecast 273 (80% range 224 to 314), actual 300Mon Dec 3, 9 PM: forecast 189 (80% range 149 to 222), actual 221Mon Dec 3, 10 PM: forecast 133 (80% range 104 to 161), actual 144Mon Dec 3, 11 PM: forecast 88 (80% range 67 to 113), actual 102Tue Dec 4, 12 AM: forecast 37 (80% range 25 to 52), actual 55Tue Dec 4, 1 AM: forecast 25 (80% range 13 to 39), actual 25Tue Dec 4, 2 AM: forecast 22 (80% range 12 to 34), actual 8Tue Dec 4, 3 AM: forecast 17 (80% range 6.3 to 28), actual 4Tue Dec 4, 4 AM: forecast 20 (80% range 7.8 to 29), actual 7Tue Dec 4, 5 AM: forecast 32 (80% range 17 to 52), actual 46Tue Dec 4, 6 AM: forecast 130 (80% range 94 to 169), actual 153Tue Dec 4, 7 AM: forecast 430 (80% range 359 to 493), actual 502Tue Dec 4, 8 AM: forecast 679 (80% range 594 to 765), actual 721Tue Dec 4, 9 AM: forecast 319 (80% range 256 to 376), actual 336Tue Dec 4, 10 AM: forecast 170 (80% range 128 to 212), actual 156Tue Dec 4, 11 AM: forecast 195 (80% range 152 to 235), actual 207Tue Dec 4, 12 PM: forecast 255 (80% range 199 to 307), actual 312Tue Dec 4, 1 PM: forecast 236 (80% range 186 to 284), actual 272Tue Dec 4, 2 PM: forecast 213 (80% range 164 to 262), actual 270Tue Dec 4, 3 PM: forecast 240 (80% range 188 to 290), actual 300Tue Dec 4, 4 PM: forecast 380 (80% range 301 to 446), actual 435Tue Dec 4, 5 PM: forecast 673 (80% range 574 to 754), actual 743Tue Dec 4, 6 PM: forecast 594 (80% range 492 to 670), actual 731Tue Dec 4, 7 PM: forecast 391 (80% range 310 to 458), actual 460Tue Dec 4, 8 PM: forecast 268 (80% range 200 to 321), actual 306Tue Dec 4, 9 PM: forecast 190 (80% range 139 to 238), actual 280Tue Dec 4, 10 PM: forecast 135 (80% range 98 to 175), actual 181Tue Dec 4, 11 PM: forecast 102 (80% range 67 to 134), actual 96Wed Dec 5, 12 AM: forecast 46 (80% range 22 to 76), actual 37Wed Dec 5, 1 AM: forecast 25 (80% range 8.5 to 42), actual 11Wed Dec 5, 2 AM: forecast 18 (80% range 0.3 to 32), actual 9Wed Dec 5, 3 AM: forecast 16 (80% range 0.6 to 31), actual 7Wed Dec 5, 4 AM: forecast 16 (80% range 0 to 33), actual 10Wed Dec 5, 5 AM: forecast 40 (80% range 17 to 68), actual 49Wed Dec 5, 6 AM: forecast 131 (80% range 75 to 192), actual 124Wed Dec 5, 7 AM: forecast 396 (80% range 278 to 493), actual 398Wed Dec 5, 8 AM: forecast 660 (80% range 517 to 783), actual 759Wed Dec 5, 9 AM: forecast 307 (80% range 220 to 382), actual 388Wed Dec 5, 10 AM: forecast 160 (80% range 109 to 207), actual 141Wed Dec 5, 11 AM: forecast 184 (80% range 132 to 227), actual 172Wed Dec 5, 12 PM: forecast 239 (80% range 178 to 287), actual 232Wed Dec 5, 1 PM: forecast 231 (80% range 167 to 286), actual 214Wed Dec 5, 2 PM: forecast 201 (80% range 143 to 255), actual 218Wed Dec 5, 3 PM: forecast 238 (80% range 173 to 302), actual 285Wed Dec 5, 4 PM: forecast 348 (80% range 274 to 406), actual 377Wed Dec 5, 5 PM: forecast 590 (80% range 502 to 663), actual 605Wed Dec 5, 6 PM: forecast 545 (80% range 443 to 615), actual 609Wed Dec 5, 7 PM: forecast 366 (80% range 286 to 426), actual 414Wed Dec 5, 8 PM: forecast 256 (80% range 190 to 306), actual 293Wed Dec 5, 9 PM: forecast 193 (80% range 140 to 233), actual 198Wed Dec 5, 10 PM: forecast 136 (80% range 98 to 169), actual 105Wed Dec 5, 11 PM: forecast 87 (80% range 62 to 114), actual 74Thu Dec 6, 12 AM: forecast 40 (80% range 26 to 57), actual 44Thu Dec 6, 1 AM: forecast 27 (80% range 16 to 38), actual 16Thu Dec 6, 2 AM: forecast 22 (80% range 12 to 33), actual 9Thu Dec 6, 3 AM: forecast 20 (80% range 10 to 30), actual 2Thu Dec 6, 4 AM: forecast 22 (80% range 11 to 31), actual 9Thu Dec 6, 5 AM: forecast 37 (80% range 23 to 57), actual 32Thu Dec 6, 6 AM: forecast 132 (80% range 97 to 169), actual 124Thu Dec 6, 7 AM: forecast 408 (80% range 335 to 469), actual 389Thu Dec 6, 8 AM: forecast 639 (80% range 557 to 719), actual 659Thu Dec 6, 9 AM: forecast 297 (80% range 241 to 345), actual 276Thu Dec 6, 10 AM: forecast 163 (80% range 128 to 199), actual 145Thu Dec 6, 11 AM: forecast 179 (80% range 144 to 213), actual 178Thu Dec 6, 12 PM: forecast 226 (80% range 183 to 271), actual 235Thu Dec 6, 1 PM: forecast 220 (80% range 179 to 259), actual 245Thu Dec 6, 2 PM: forecast 203 (80% range 165 to 242), actual 212Thu Dec 6, 3 PM: forecast 234 (80% range 191 to 270), actual 270Thu Dec 6, 4 PM: forecast 341 (80% range 280 to 392), actual 331Thu Dec 6, 5 PM: forecast 590 (80% range 515 to 652), actual 617Thu Dec 6, 6 PM: forecast 536 (80% range 456 to 604), actual 565Thu Dec 6, 7 PM: forecast 370 (80% range 306 to 426), actual 373Thu Dec 6, 8 PM: forecast 252 (80% range 198 to 292), actual 227Thu Dec 6, 9 PM: forecast 192 (80% range 154 to 229), actual 191Thu Dec 6, 10 PM: forecast 143 (80% range 114 to 173), actual 133Thu Dec 6, 11 PM: forecast 103 (80% range 78 to 130), actual 93Fri Dec 7, 12 AM: forecast 48 (80% range 28 to 70), actual 48Fri Dec 7, 1 AM: forecast 26 (80% range 12 to 40), actual 28Fri Dec 7, 2 AM: forecast 20 (80% range 6.1 to 32), actual 11Fri Dec 7, 3 AM: forecast 16 (80% range 4.7 to 27), actual 5Fri Dec 7, 4 AM: forecast 16 (80% range 4.2 to 28), actual 10Fri Dec 7, 5 AM: forecast 33 (80% range 19 to 46), actual 26Fri Dec 7, 6 AM: forecast 117 (80% range 87 to 148), actual 84Fri Dec 7, 7 AM: forecast 329 (80% range 273 to 383), actual 215Fri Dec 7, 8 AM: forecast 589 (80% range 502 to 665), actual 441Fri Dec 7, 9 AM: forecast 295 (80% range 250 to 339), actual 301Fri Dec 7, 10 AM: forecast 162 (80% range 132 to 190), actual 166Fri Dec 7, 11 AM: forecast 180 (80% range 146 to 208), actual 203Fri Dec 7, 12 PM: forecast 232 (80% range 196 to 264), actual 240Fri Dec 7, 1 PM: forecast 233 (80% range 193 to 275), actual 220Fri Dec 7, 2 PM: forecast 221 (80% range 180 to 259), actual 215Fri Dec 7, 3 PM: forecast 250 (80% range 201 to 296), actual 303Fri Dec 7, 4 PM: forecast 361 (80% range 293 to 421), actual 375Fri Dec 7, 5 PM: forecast 520 (80% range 443 to 588), actual 568Fri Dec 7, 6 PM: forecast 445 (80% range 367 to 516), actual 498Fri Dec 7, 7 PM: forecast 318 (80% range 260 to 371), actual 352Fri Dec 7, 8 PM: forecast 215 (80% range 163 to 259), actual 241Fri Dec 7, 9 PM: forecast 166 (80% range 128 to 199), actual 171Fri Dec 7, 10 PM: forecast 139 (80% range 106 to 170), actual 165Fri Dec 7, 11 PM: forecast 112 (80% range 88 to 138), actual 122Sat Dec 8, 12 AM: forecast 90 (80% range 66 to 111), actual 103Sat Dec 8, 1 AM: forecast 65 (80% range 49 to 81), actual 100Sat Dec 8, 2 AM: forecast 43 (80% range 30 to 59), actual 70Sat Dec 8, 3 AM: forecast 27 (80% range 16 to 38), actual 29Sat Dec 8, 4 AM: forecast 20 (80% range 8.9 to 30), actual 12Sat Dec 8, 5 AM: forecast 21 (80% range 9.2 to 32), actual 6Sat Dec 8, 6 AM: forecast 33 (80% range 21 to 47), actual 20Sat Dec 8, 7 AM: forecast 68 (80% range 47 to 94), actual 39Sat Dec 8, 8 AM: forecast 133 (80% range 99 to 171), actual 111Sat Dec 8, 9 AM: forecast 194 (80% range 150 to 237), actual 170Sat Dec 8, 10 AM: forecast 268 (80% range 206 to 325), actual 287Sat Dec 8, 11 AM: forecast 343 (80% range 269 to 412), actual 404Sat Dec 8, 12 PM: forecast 397 (80% range 314 to 476), actual 486Sat Dec 8, 1 PM: forecast 421 (80% range 329 to 503), actual 547Sat Dec 8, 2 PM: forecast 425 (80% range 325 to 511), actual 542Sat Dec 8, 3 PM: forecast 421 (80% range 323 to 510), actual 541Sat Dec 8, 4 PM: forecast 393 (80% range 300 to 487), actual 507Sat Dec 8, 5 PM: forecast 338 (80% range 256 to 423), actual 345Sat Dec 8, 6 PM: forecast 269 (80% range 200 to 348), actual 304Sat Dec 8, 7 PM: forecast 210 (80% range 156 to 270), actual 246Sat Dec 8, 8 PM: forecast 160 (80% range 120 to 205), actual 182Sat Dec 8, 9 PM: forecast 137 (80% range 98 to 175), actual 209Sat Dec 8, 10 PM: forecast 126 (80% range 95 to 161), actual 160Sat Dec 8, 11 PM: forecast 118 (80% range 89 to 146), actual 162Sun Dec 9, 12 AM: forecast 96 (80% range 73 to 126), actual 118Sun Dec 9, 1 AM: forecast 81 (80% range 56 to 108), actual 102Sun Dec 9, 2 AM: forecast 60 (80% range 40 to 82), actual 78Sun Dec 9, 3 AM: forecast 35 (80% range 21 to 47), actual 48Sun Dec 9, 4 AM: forecast 22 (80% range 11 to 34), actual 12Sun Dec 9, 5 AM: forecast 22 (80% range 9.6 to 33), actual 8Sun Dec 9, 6 AM: forecast 28 (80% range 14 to 42), actual 6Sun Dec 9, 7 AM: forecast 50 (80% range 28 to 68), actual 23Sun Dec 9, 8 AM: forecast 98 (80% range 64 to 130), actual 69Sun Dec 9, 9 AM: forecast 172 (80% range 120 to 223), actual 103Sun Dec 9, 10 AM: forecast 252 (80% range 182 to 316), actual 219Sun Dec 9, 11 AM: forecast 299 (80% range 222 to 369), actual 250Sun Dec 9, 12 PM: forecast 341 (80% range 262 to 420), actual 315Sun Dec 9, 1 PM: forecast 340 (80% range 256 to 434), actual 285Sun Dec 9, 2 PM: forecast 325 (80% range 239 to 417), actual 232Sun Dec 9, 3 PM: forecast 294 (80% range 208 to 378), actual 225Sun Dec 9, 4 PM: forecast 252 (80% range 164 to 350), actual 253Sun Dec 9, 5 PM: forecast 196 (80% range 127 to 291), actual 229Sun Dec 9, 6 PM: forecast 157 (80% range 98 to 236), actual 198Sun Dec 9, 7 PM: forecast 122 (80% range 74 to 181), actual 122Sun Dec 9, 8 PM: forecast 93 (80% range 61 to 141), actual 108Sun Dec 9, 9 PM: forecast 75 (80% range 50 to 109), actual 96Sun Dec 9, 10 PM: forecast 62 (80% range 43 to 89), actual 78Sun Dec 9, 11 PM: forecast 49 (80% range 30 to 65), actual 51

Dark line: history. Teal: the forecast made on December 2, 2012 at 11 PM with its 80% range (shaded). Dotted line: what actually happened. Typical error over these 168 hours: 13.3%.
Bike rentals accuracy: typical error (WAPE), lower is better
MethodIn testing on past data (5 runs)On the hidden 168 hours
Chronos-2 with covariates chosen 28.6% 13.3%
Chronos-2 (AI foundation model) 34.2% 16.9%
Exponential smoothing (ETS) 44.5% 33.7%
Theta 47.3% 33.4%
Seasonal naive 62.7% 58.9%
Naive (last value) 82.9% 83.9%

We pick the method with the best score in testing, before seeing the hidden period. That is why the chosen method is not always the best one afterwards.

Full case study, data source and license

Pizza Place: pizzas sold per day, next 14 days

"Forecast how many pizzas (and orders) we'll sell each day and each hour for the next 14 days, by pizza type, so I can plan dough prep and how many people to put on each shift."

The request, in the customer's words.

We expect about 1,946 pizzas sold over the next 14 days, about 139 per day on average.

Forecast vs what actually happened

Pizzas sold: recent history, the forecast with its 80% range, and what actually happened0100200Oct 20Oct 29Nov 7Nov 16Nov 25Dec 4Dec 13Forecast made hereTue Oct 20, 2015: 154 pizzas soldWed Oct 21, 2015: 149 pizzas soldThu Oct 22, 2015: 145 pizzas soldFri Oct 23, 2015: 154 pizzas soldSat Oct 24, 2015: 160 pizzas soldSun Oct 25, 2015: 114 pizzas soldMon Oct 26, 2015: 117 pizzas soldTue Oct 27, 2015: 120 pizzas soldWed Oct 28, 2015: 104 pizzas soldThu Oct 29, 2015: 131 pizzas soldFri Oct 30, 2015: 166 pizzas soldSat Oct 31, 2015: 165 pizzas soldSun Nov 1, 2015: 124 pizzas soldMon Nov 2, 2015: 138 pizzas soldTue Nov 3, 2015: 114 pizzas soldWed Nov 4, 2015: 121 pizzas soldThu Nov 5, 2015: 124 pizzas soldFri Nov 6, 2015: 190 pizzas soldSat Nov 7, 2015: 156 pizzas soldSun Nov 8, 2015: 127 pizzas soldMon Nov 9, 2015: 151 pizzas soldTue Nov 10, 2015: 126 pizzas soldWed Nov 11, 2015: 118 pizzas soldThu Nov 12, 2015: 153 pizzas soldFri Nov 13, 2015: 141 pizzas soldSat Nov 14, 2015: 142 pizzas soldSun Nov 15, 2015: 113 pizzas soldMon Nov 16, 2015: 136 pizzas soldTue Nov 17, 2015: 117 pizzas soldWed Nov 18, 2015: 130 pizzas soldThu Nov 19, 2015: 162 pizzas soldFri Nov 20, 2015: 148 pizzas soldSat Nov 21, 2015: 131 pizzas soldSun Nov 22, 2015: 84 pizzas soldMon Nov 23, 2015: 148 pizzas soldTue Nov 24, 2015: 131 pizzas soldWed Nov 25, 2015: 144 pizzas soldThu Nov 26, 2015: 266 pizzas soldFri Nov 27, 2015: 264 pizzas soldSat Nov 28, 2015: 118 pizzas soldSun Nov 29, 2015: 115 pizzas soldMon Nov 30, 2015: 134 pizzas soldTue Dec 1, 2015: forecast 134 (80% range 109 to 158), actual 131Wed Dec 2, 2015: forecast 133 (80% range 109 to 157), actual 132Thu Dec 3, 2015: forecast 148 (80% range 123 to 172), actual 136Fri Dec 4, 2015: forecast 164 (80% range 140 to 188), actual 176Sat Dec 5, 2015: forecast 145 (80% range 120 to 169), actual 160Sun Dec 6, 2015: forecast 116 (80% range 92 to 140), actual 144Mon Dec 7, 2015: forecast 134 (80% range 110 to 158), actual 150Tue Dec 8, 2015: forecast 134 (80% range 109 to 158), actual 110Wed Dec 9, 2015: forecast 133 (80% range 109 to 157), actual 160Thu Dec 10, 2015: forecast 148 (80% range 123 to 172), actual 118Fri Dec 11, 2015: forecast 164 (80% range 140 to 188), actual 164Sat Dec 12, 2015: forecast 145 (80% range 120 to 169), actual 127Sun Dec 13, 2015: forecast 116 (80% range 92 to 140), actual 130Mon Dec 14, 2015: forecast 134 (80% range 110 to 158), actual 131

Dark line: history. Teal: the forecast made on November 30, 2015 with its 80% range (shaded). Dotted line: what actually happened. Typical error over these 14 days: 10.2%.
Pizza place accuracy: typical error (WAPE), lower is better
MethodIn testing on past data (5 runs)On the hidden 14 days
Exponential smoothing (ETS) chosen 11.9% 10.2%
Theta 12.0% 11.0%
Chronos-2 (AI foundation model) 12.1% 10.1%
Naive (last value) 13.7% 10.7%
Seasonal naive 15.5% 31.9%

We pick the method with the best score in testing, before seeing the hidden period. That is why the chosen method is not always the best one afterwards.

The plan: Two-week ingredient order plan from the pizza forecast

Recommended: order 510 kg of dough, 215 kg of mozzarella, 177 kg of tomato sauce, 2,050 units of boxes in 16 orders over the next 14 days. Expected total cost $5,262, 24% less than ordering the forecast plus 20%.

Why this plan: it balances the cost of running short ($9 of margin per pizza that cannot be made) against holding stock ($0.01 per unit per day), waste after the shelf life, with deliveries only on Mondays and Thursdays.

Expected outcome: 97.6% of demand served, 109 units wasted, versus 94.9% served and 109 wasted with the rule of thumb.

Reality check: replayed on what actually happened after Nov 30, 2015, the rule of thumb did better this time ($5,102 against $5,596, 10% cheaper). Across the forecast scenarios the plan is still the better bet on average, but this period did not show it.

Stock left over at the end of the period (still within shelf life, at cost) is worth $513 under the plan and $35 under the rule of thumb. These comparisons count it as spent; in practice most of it carries into the next period.

Pizza place plan: first 12 of 16 planned actions (with example costs)
ItemActionPacksPack sizeUnitsUnitOrder byArrivesCost
dough_kgorder1610160kg2015-12-012015-12-03176
mozzarella_kgorder282.570kg2015-12-012015-12-03455
tomato_sauce_kgorder20360kg2015-12-012015-12-03132
boxesorder1450700units2015-12-012015-12-03245
dough_kgorder1410140kg2015-12-052015-12-07154
mozzarella_kgorder212.552.5kg2015-12-052015-12-07341
tomato_sauce_kgorder14342kg2015-12-052015-12-0792.4
boxesorder1050500units2015-12-052015-12-07175
dough_kgorder1610160kg2015-12-082015-12-10176
mozzarella_kgorder302.575kg2015-12-082015-12-10488
tomato_sauce_kgorder20360kg2015-12-082015-12-10132
boxesorder1450700units2015-12-082015-12-10245

Full case study, data source and license

San Francisco 311: daily requests by channel, next 6 weeks

"Forecast how many phone, web and app requests we'll get each day for the next 6 weeks so I can build the agent schedule and still answer 80% of calls within 60 seconds."

The request, in the customer's words.

We expect about 98,902 311 requests over the next 42 days across all 3 series, about 2,355 per day on average.

Forecast vs what actually happened

311 requests (Mobile): recent history, the forecast with its 80% range, and what actually happened05001kJul 9Jul 23Aug 6Aug 20Sep 3Sep 17Forecast made hereThu Jul 9, 2026: 947 311 requestsFri Jul 10, 2026: 896 311 requestsSat Jul 11, 2026: 1.1k 311 requestsSun Jul 12, 2026: 958 311 requestsMon Jul 13, 2026: 1.1k 311 requestsTue Jul 14, 2026: 937 311 requestsWed Jul 15, 2026: 986 311 requestsThu Jul 16, 2026: 1.1k 311 requestsFri Jul 17, 2026: 974 311 requestsSat Jul 18, 2026: 1k 311 requestsSun Jul 19, 2026: 886 311 requestsMon Jul 20, 2026: 1.1k 311 requestsTue Jul 21, 2026: 1k 311 requestsWed Jul 22, 2026: 956 311 requestsThu Jul 23, 2026: 953 311 requestsFri Jul 24, 2026: 1k 311 requestsSat Jul 25, 2026: 905 311 requestsSun Jul 26, 2026: 881 311 requestsMon Jul 27, 2026: 1.1k 311 requestsTue Jul 28, 2026: 1.1k 311 requestsWed Jul 29, 2026: 1k 311 requestsThu Jul 30, 2026: 934 311 requestsFri Jul 31, 2026: 893 311 requestsSat Aug 1, 2026: 1k 311 requestsSun Aug 2, 2026: 914 311 requestsMon Aug 3, 2026: 1.1k 311 requestsTue Aug 4, 2026: 963 311 requestsWed Aug 5, 2026: 848 311 requestsThu Aug 6, 2026: 1k 311 requestsFri Aug 7, 2026: 1k 311 requestsSat Aug 8, 2026: 1k 311 requestsSun Aug 9, 2026: 1.1k 311 requestsMon Aug 10, 2026: 1.1k 311 requestsTue Aug 11, 2026: 1k 311 requestsWed Aug 12, 2026: 1k 311 requestsThu Aug 13, 2026: 1.1k 311 requestsFri Aug 14, 2026: 1k 311 requestsSat Aug 15, 2026: 980 311 requestsSun Aug 16, 2026: 968 311 requestsMon Aug 17, 2026: 1.2k 311 requestsTue Aug 18, 2026: 1.1k 311 requestsWed Aug 19, 2026: 1.1k 311 requestsThu Aug 20, 2026: forecast 1k (80% range 965 to 1.1k), actual 1kFri Aug 21, 2026: forecast 1k (80% range 960 to 1.1k), actual 985Sat Aug 22, 2026: forecast 1k (80% range 944 to 1.1k), actual 992Sun Aug 23, 2026: forecast 968 (80% range 892 to 1.1k), actual 947Mon Aug 24, 2026: forecast 1.1k (80% range 1k to 1.2k), actual 1.1kTue Aug 25, 2026: forecast 1.1k (80% range 979 to 1.2k), actual 1.1kWed Aug 26, 2026: forecast 1k (80% range 935 to 1.1k), actual 988Thu Aug 27, 2026: forecast 1k (80% range 934 to 1.1k), actual 1.1kFri Aug 28, 2026: forecast 1k (80% range 938 to 1.1k), actual 1.2kSat Aug 29, 2026: forecast 1k (80% range 924 to 1.1k), actual 1.1kSun Aug 30, 2026: forecast 960 (80% range 875 to 1.1k), actual 1kMon Aug 31, 2026: forecast 1.1k (80% range 1k to 1.2k), actual 1.2kTue Sep 1, 2026: forecast 1.1k (80% range 963 to 1.2k), actual 1.2kWed Sep 2, 2026: forecast 1k (80% range 914 to 1.1k), actual 1.1kThu Sep 3, 2026: forecast 1k (80% range 918 to 1.1k), actual 1.1kFri Sep 4, 2026: forecast 1k (80% range 923 to 1.1k), actual 1kSat Sep 5, 2026: forecast 1k (80% range 913 to 1.1k), actual 869Sun Sep 6, 2026: forecast 969 (80% range 870 to 1.1k), actual 902Mon Sep 7, 2026: forecast 1.1k (80% range 1k to 1.2k), actual 987Tue Sep 8, 2026: forecast 1k (80% range 939 to 1.2k), actual 1.2kWed Sep 9, 2026: forecast 986 (80% range 891 to 1.1k), actual 1.2kThu Sep 10, 2026: forecast 994 (80% range 892 to 1.1k), actual 1.1kFri Sep 11, 2026: forecast 1k (80% range 895 to 1.1k), actual 1.4kSat Sep 12, 2026: forecast 986 (80% range 878 to 1.1k), actual 1kSun Sep 13, 2026: forecast 952 (80% range 843 to 1.1k), actual 1.1kMon Sep 14, 2026: forecast 1.1k (80% range 978 to 1.2k), actual 1.2kTue Sep 15, 2026: forecast 1.1k (80% range 928 to 1.2k), actual 1.1kWed Sep 16, 2026: forecast 1k (80% range 890 to 1.1k), actual 1.1kThu Sep 17, 2026: forecast 1k (80% range 888 to 1.1k), actual 1kFri Sep 18, 2026: forecast 1k (80% range 879 to 1.2k), actual 1.1kSat Sep 19, 2026: forecast 1k (80% range 881 to 1.2k), actual 1kSun Sep 20, 2026: forecast 956 (80% range 831 to 1.1k), actual 1kMon Sep 21, 2026: forecast 1.1k (80% range 972 to 1.3k), actual 1.2kTue Sep 22, 2026: forecast 1.1k (80% range 929 to 1.2k), actual 1.3kWed Sep 23, 2026: forecast 1k (80% range 894 to 1.2k), actual 1.1kThu Sep 24, 2026: forecast 1k (80% range 896 to 1.2k), actual 1.1kFri Sep 25, 2026: forecast 1k (80% range 890 to 1.2k), actual 1.1kSat Sep 26, 2026: forecast 984 (80% range 870 to 1.1k), actual 1.1kSun Sep 27, 2026: forecast 949 (80% range 829 to 1.1k), actual 1.1kMon Sep 28, 2026: forecast 1.1k (80% range 965 to 1.3k), actual 1.2kTue Sep 29, 2026: forecast 1k (80% range 910 to 1.2k), actual 1.2kWed Sep 30, 2026: forecast 1k (80% range 884 to 1.2k), actual 1.1k

Mobile. Dark line: history. Teal: the forecast made on August 19, 2026 with its 80% range (shaded). Dotted line: what actually happened. Typical error over these 42 days: 8.3%.
311 requests (Phone): recent history, the forecast with its 80% range, and what actually happened0200400600Jul 9Jul 23Aug 6Aug 20Sep 3Sep 17Forecast made hereThu Jul 9, 2026: 388 311 requestsFri Jul 10, 2026: 426 311 requestsSat Jul 11, 2026: 303 311 requestsSun Jul 12, 2026: 285 311 requestsMon Jul 13, 2026: 501 311 requestsTue Jul 14, 2026: 417 311 requestsWed Jul 15, 2026: 440 311 requestsThu Jul 16, 2026: 463 311 requestsFri Jul 17, 2026: 386 311 requestsSat Jul 18, 2026: 326 311 requestsSun Jul 19, 2026: 306 311 requestsMon Jul 20, 2026: 486 311 requestsTue Jul 21, 2026: 432 311 requestsWed Jul 22, 2026: 446 311 requestsThu Jul 23, 2026: 484 311 requestsFri Jul 24, 2026: 493 311 requestsSat Jul 25, 2026: 341 311 requestsSun Jul 26, 2026: 305 311 requestsMon Jul 27, 2026: 495 311 requestsTue Jul 28, 2026: 461 311 requestsWed Jul 29, 2026: 445 311 requestsThu Jul 30, 2026: 442 311 requestsFri Jul 31, 2026: 457 311 requestsSat Aug 1, 2026: 366 311 requestsSun Aug 2, 2026: 279 311 requestsMon Aug 3, 2026: 458 311 requestsTue Aug 4, 2026: 452 311 requestsWed Aug 5, 2026: 450 311 requestsThu Aug 6, 2026: 464 311 requestsFri Aug 7, 2026: 452 311 requestsSat Aug 8, 2026: 394 311 requestsSun Aug 9, 2026: 307 311 requestsMon Aug 10, 2026: 510 311 requestsTue Aug 11, 2026: 432 311 requestsWed Aug 12, 2026: 399 311 requestsThu Aug 13, 2026: 387 311 requestsFri Aug 14, 2026: 430 311 requestsSat Aug 15, 2026: 357 311 requestsSun Aug 16, 2026: 313 311 requestsMon Aug 17, 2026: 505 311 requestsTue Aug 18, 2026: 450 311 requestsWed Aug 19, 2026: 403 311 requestsThu Aug 20, 2026: forecast 430 (80% range 386 to 468), actual 439Fri Aug 21, 2026: forecast 458 (80% range 418 to 492), actual 450Sat Aug 22, 2026: forecast 336 (80% range 302 to 370), actual 309Sun Aug 23, 2026: forecast 309 (80% range 276 to 344), actual 265Mon Aug 24, 2026: forecast 487 (80% range 440 to 525), actual 455Tue Aug 25, 2026: forecast 468 (80% range 416 to 511), actual 356Wed Aug 26, 2026: forecast 467 (80% range 409 to 510), actual 244Thu Aug 27, 2026: forecast 453 (80% range 393 to 498), actual 437Fri Aug 28, 2026: forecast 443 (80% range 382 to 490), actual 534Sat Aug 29, 2026: forecast 328 (80% range 270 to 378), actual 395Sun Aug 30, 2026: forecast 287 (80% range 209 to 337), actual 356Mon Aug 31, 2026: forecast 325 (80% range 221 to 438), actual 543Tue Sep 1, 2026: forecast 486 (80% range 377 to 544), actual 481Wed Sep 2, 2026: forecast 473 (80% range 364 to 528), actual 497Thu Sep 3, 2026: forecast 464 (80% range 367 to 516), actual 554Fri Sep 4, 2026: forecast 456 (80% range 363 to 505), actual 537Sat Sep 5, 2026: forecast 347 (80% range 298 to 391), actual 362Sun Sep 6, 2026: forecast 301 (80% range 257 to 339), actual 266Mon Sep 7, 2026: forecast 478 (80% range 411 to 529), actual 317Tue Sep 8, 2026: forecast 464 (80% range 404 to 513), actual 559Wed Sep 9, 2026: forecast 460 (80% range 400 to 509), actual 537Thu Sep 10, 2026: forecast 456 (80% range 398 to 505), actual 490Fri Sep 11, 2026: forecast 458 (80% range 404 to 503), actual 647Sat Sep 12, 2026: forecast 355 (80% range 311 to 397), actual 464Sun Sep 13, 2026: forecast 309 (80% range 270 to 349), actual 346Mon Sep 14, 2026: forecast 490 (80% range 440 to 535), actual 556Tue Sep 15, 2026: forecast 472 (80% range 422 to 518), actual 521Wed Sep 16, 2026: forecast 463 (80% range 416 to 511), actual 544Thu Sep 17, 2026: forecast 453 (80% range 406 to 498), actual 519Fri Sep 18, 2026: forecast 462 (80% range 416 to 507), actual 437Sat Sep 19, 2026: forecast 355 (80% range 315 to 395), actual 400Sun Sep 20, 2026: forecast 307 (80% range 269 to 344), actual 350Mon Sep 21, 2026: forecast 490 (80% range 434 to 540), actual 590Tue Sep 22, 2026: forecast 475 (80% range 420 to 528), actual 546Wed Sep 23, 2026: forecast 466 (80% range 412 to 517), actual 486Thu Sep 24, 2026: forecast 457 (80% range 401 to 509), actual 515Fri Sep 25, 2026: forecast 463 (80% range 408 to 510), actual 471Sat Sep 26, 2026: forecast 350 (80% range 307 to 396), actual 372Sun Sep 27, 2026: forecast 316 (80% range 275 to 354), actual 349Mon Sep 28, 2026: forecast 484 (80% range 426 to 535), actual 556Tue Sep 29, 2026: forecast 471 (80% range 413 to 526), actual 506Wed Sep 30, 2026: forecast 461 (80% range 404 to 514), actual 493

Phone. Dark line: history. Teal: the forecast made on August 19, 2026 with its 80% range (shaded). Dotted line: what actually happened. Typical error over these 42 days: 14.1%.
311 requests (Web): recent history, the forecast with its 80% range, and what actually happened05001kJul 9Jul 23Aug 6Aug 20Sep 3Sep 17Forecast made hereThu Jul 9, 2026: 862 311 requestsFri Jul 10, 2026: 1.2k 311 requestsSat Jul 11, 2026: 843 311 requestsSun Jul 12, 2026: 755 311 requestsMon Jul 13, 2026: 1.1k 311 requestsTue Jul 14, 2026: 917 311 requestsWed Jul 15, 2026: 846 311 requestsThu Jul 16, 2026: 784 311 requestsFri Jul 17, 2026: 1.3k 311 requestsSat Jul 18, 2026: 804 311 requestsSun Jul 19, 2026: 908 311 requestsMon Jul 20, 2026: 1.2k 311 requestsTue Jul 21, 2026: 1.2k 311 requestsWed Jul 22, 2026: 1.2k 311 requestsThu Jul 23, 2026: 921 311 requestsFri Jul 24, 2026: 853 311 requestsSat Jul 25, 2026: 848 311 requestsSun Jul 26, 2026: 920 311 requestsMon Jul 27, 2026: 1.1k 311 requestsTue Jul 28, 2026: 885 311 requestsWed Jul 29, 2026: 944 311 requestsThu Jul 30, 2026: 911 311 requestsFri Jul 31, 2026: 970 311 requestsSat Aug 1, 2026: 845 311 requestsSun Aug 2, 2026: 850 311 requestsMon Aug 3, 2026: 862 311 requestsTue Aug 4, 2026: 942 311 requestsWed Aug 5, 2026: 1.1k 311 requestsThu Aug 6, 2026: 900 311 requestsFri Aug 7, 2026: 1k 311 requestsSat Aug 8, 2026: 835 311 requestsSun Aug 9, 2026: 792 311 requestsMon Aug 10, 2026: 1.2k 311 requestsTue Aug 11, 2026: 914 311 requestsWed Aug 12, 2026: 985 311 requestsThu Aug 13, 2026: 890 311 requestsFri Aug 14, 2026: 1.1k 311 requestsSat Aug 15, 2026: 858 311 requestsSun Aug 16, 2026: 866 311 requestsMon Aug 17, 2026: 896 311 requestsTue Aug 18, 2026: 1k 311 requestsWed Aug 19, 2026: 973 311 requestsThu Aug 20, 2026: forecast 954 (80% range 811 to 1.1k), actual 851Fri Aug 21, 2026: forecast 960 (80% range 813 to 1.1k), actual 861Sat Aug 22, 2026: forecast 824 (80% range 679 to 982), actual 1.1kSun Aug 23, 2026: forecast 778 (80% range 635 to 943), actual 805Mon Aug 24, 2026: forecast 993 (80% range 827 to 1.1k), actual 971Tue Aug 25, 2026: forecast 980 (80% range 823 to 1.2k), actual 1.1kWed Aug 26, 2026: forecast 961 (80% range 803 to 1.1k), actual 1.1kThu Aug 27, 2026: forecast 938 (80% range 776 to 1.1k), actual 991Fri Aug 28, 2026: forecast 966 (80% range 794 to 1.1k), actual 1kSat Aug 29, 2026: forecast 832 (80% range 672 to 1k), actual 991Sun Aug 30, 2026: forecast 795 (80% range 633 to 975), actual 908Mon Aug 31, 2026: forecast 998 (80% range 817 to 1.2k), actual 893Tue Sep 1, 2026: forecast 987 (80% range 816 to 1.2k), actual 1.1kWed Sep 2, 2026: forecast 972 (80% range 796 to 1.2k), actual 1kThu Sep 3, 2026: forecast 939 (80% range 765 to 1.1k), actual 867Fri Sep 4, 2026: forecast 966 (80% range 785 to 1.2k), actual 900Sat Sep 5, 2026: forecast 837 (80% range 665 to 1k), actual 649Sun Sep 6, 2026: forecast 787 (80% range 618 to 967), actual 712Mon Sep 7, 2026: forecast 997 (80% range 803 to 1.2k), actual 815Tue Sep 8, 2026: forecast 972 (80% range 784 to 1.2k), actual 1.1kWed Sep 9, 2026: forecast 940 (80% range 753 to 1.1k), actual 1kThu Sep 10, 2026: forecast 914 (80% range 734 to 1.1k), actual 974Fri Sep 11, 2026: forecast 950 (80% range 766 to 1.1k), actual 1kSat Sep 12, 2026: forecast 824 (80% range 651 to 1k), actual 939Sun Sep 13, 2026: forecast 783 (80% range 615 to 961), actual 973Mon Sep 14, 2026: forecast 982 (80% range 790 to 1.2k), actual 1.2kTue Sep 15, 2026: forecast 967 (80% range 769 to 1.2k), actual 1.3kWed Sep 16, 2026: forecast 932 (80% range 746 to 1.1k), actual 1.2kThu Sep 17, 2026: forecast 908 (80% range 716 to 1.1k), actual 1.2kFri Sep 18, 2026: forecast 948 (80% range 750 to 1.1k), actual 852Sat Sep 19, 2026: forecast 812 (80% range 624 to 1k), actual 784Sun Sep 20, 2026: forecast 773 (80% range 589 to 967), actual 822Mon Sep 21, 2026: forecast 956 (80% range 743 to 1.2k), actual 925Tue Sep 22, 2026: forecast 952 (80% range 744 to 1.2k), actual 898Wed Sep 23, 2026: forecast 926 (80% range 722 to 1.1k), actual 819Thu Sep 24, 2026: forecast 900 (80% range 696 to 1.1k), actual 973Fri Sep 25, 2026: forecast 929 (80% range 713 to 1.1k), actual 977Sat Sep 26, 2026: forecast 778 (80% range 583 to 983), actual 789Sun Sep 27, 2026: forecast 744 (80% range 549 to 954), actual 752Mon Sep 28, 2026: forecast 943 (80% range 720 to 1.2k), actual 992Tue Sep 29, 2026: forecast 931 (80% range 709 to 1.1k), actual 1kWed Sep 30, 2026: forecast 909 (80% range 698 to 1.1k), actual 966

Web. Dark line: history. Teal: the forecast made on August 19, 2026 with its 80% range (shaded). Dotted line: what actually happened. Typical error over these 42 days: 10.8%.
311 staffing accuracy: typical error (WAPE), lower is better
MethodIn testing on past data (5 runs)On the hidden 42 days
Chronos-2 (AI foundation model) chosen 9.8% 10.3%
Exponential smoothing (ETS) 10.1% 9.9%
Theta 11.3% 10.4%
Seasonal naive 13.4% 10.3%
Naive (last value) 14.5% 11.1%

We pick the method with the best score in testing, before seeing the hidden period. That is why the chosen method is not always the best one afterwards.

The plan: Six-week agent schedule for the 311 contact center

Recommended: a schedule of up to 41 agents on 5-day shift patterns, 1,225 agent-days over the next 42 days. Expected cost $415,565, 3.6% less than staffing every day to the average workload plus 10%.

Why this schedule: workload is uneven across the week, so the plan puts about 31 agents on duty on weekdays and 26 at weekends instead of the same number every day. Staffing to the average (31 every day) leaves busy days short and quiet days idle.

Expected outcome: 98.3% of cases handled the same day (rule of thumb: 99.0%); labor $392,000 versus $416,640.

Service target: on every day there is enough capacity for the 60% forecast percentile of workload.

Reality check: this plan was made as of Aug 19, 2026 without seeing later data. Replayed on what actually happened, it cost $432,737 against $441,828 for the rule of thumb: a measured saving of $9,091 (2.1%).

311 staffing plan: first 12 of 42 planned actions (with example costs)
Week startingPatternAgentsCost
2026-08-20Thu to Mon711,200
2026-08-20Fri to Tue46,400
2026-08-20Sat to Wed711,200
2026-08-20Sun to Thu46,400
2026-08-20Mon to Fri1016,000
2026-08-20Tue to Sat69,600
2026-08-20Wed to Sun34,800
2026-08-27Thu to Mon58,000
2026-08-27Fri to Tue58,000
2026-08-27Sat to Wed58,000
2026-08-27Sun to Thu58,000
2026-08-27Mon to Fri914,400

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