Live demo: four real forecasts and plans
These are real runs of 4castPlannr on public data. Each forecast was made without seeing the weeks that followed, so you can compare it with what actually happened. Hover over a chart to read the numbers.
Dairy producer: daily unit sales for 7 yogurt products, next 28 days
"Forecast daily unit sales for each of our 7 yogurt products for the next 28 days so we can schedule production runs and cut product that gets returned."
The request, in the customer's words.
We expect about 299,208 units sold over the next 28 days across all 6 series, about 10,686 per day on average.
Forecast vs what actually happened
Show
product 1 product 2 product 3 product 4 product 6 product 7
Units sold (product 1): recent history, the forecast with its 80% range, and what actually happened 0 2k 4k Oct 9 Oct 23 Nov 6 Nov 20 Dec 4 Dec 18 Forecast made here Sun Oct 9, 2022: 1.9k units sold Mon Oct 10, 2022: 3.7k units sold Tue Oct 11, 2022: 2.6k units sold Wed Oct 12, 2022: 4.7k units sold Thu Oct 13, 2022: 2.3k units sold Fri Oct 14, 2022: 3k units sold Sat Oct 15, 2022: 1.7k units sold Sun Oct 16, 2022: 1.1k units sold Mon Oct 17, 2022: 4.9k units sold Tue Oct 18, 2022: 2.5k units sold Wed Oct 19, 2022: 3.2k units sold Thu Oct 20, 2022: 3.1k units sold Fri Oct 21, 2022: 2.7k units sold Sat Oct 22, 2022: 1.8k units sold Sun Oct 23, 2022: 1.3k units sold Mon Oct 24, 2022: 4.5k units sold Tue Oct 25, 2022: 3.3k units sold Wed Oct 26, 2022: 2.9k units sold Thu Oct 27, 2022: 2.2k units sold Fri Oct 28, 2022: 220 units sold Sat Oct 29, 2022: 1.7k units sold Sun Oct 30, 2022: 1.5k units sold Mon Oct 31, 2022: 4.2k units sold Tue Nov 1, 2022: 4.4k units sold Wed Nov 2, 2022: 3.3k units sold Thu Nov 3, 2022: 4.1k units sold Fri Nov 4, 2022: 2.9k units sold Sat Nov 5, 2022: 1.9k units sold Sun Nov 6, 2022: 891 units sold Mon Nov 7, 2022: 3.9k units sold Tue Nov 8, 2022: 2.3k units sold Wed Nov 9, 2022: 2.4k units sold Thu Nov 10, 2022: 2.9k units sold Fri Nov 11, 2022: 3.1k units sold Sat Nov 12, 2022: 1.6k units sold Sun Nov 13, 2022: 2.4k units sold Mon Nov 14, 2022: 3.7k units sold Tue Nov 15, 2022: 2.9k units sold Wed Nov 16, 2022: 2.1k units sold Thu Nov 17, 2022: 3k units sold Fri Nov 18, 2022: 2.6k units sold Sat Nov 19, 2022: 1.3k units sold Sun Nov 20, 2022: 2.4k units sold Mon Nov 21, 2022: 2.9k units sold Tue Nov 22, 2022: 1.9k units sold Wed Nov 23, 2022: 2k units sold Thu Nov 24, 2022: 3.4k units sold Fri Nov 25, 2022: 2.2k units sold Sat Nov 26, 2022: 1.5k units sold Sun Nov 27, 2022: 1.2k units sold Mon Nov 28, 2022: 4.5k units sold Tue Nov 29, 2022: 1.9k units sold Wed Nov 30, 2022: 2.3k units sold Thu Dec 1, 2022: 2.8k units sold Fri Dec 2, 2022: 2.5k units sold Sat Dec 3, 2022: 1.6k units sold Sun Dec 4, 2022: forecast 930 (80% range 374 to 1.6k), actual 444 Mon Dec 5, 2022: forecast 3.3k (80% range 2.6k to 4.1k), actual 3.5k Tue Dec 6, 2022: forecast 2.2k (80% range 1.5k to 3k), actual 2.2k Wed Dec 7, 2022: forecast 2.6k (80% range 1.9k to 3.4k), actual 1.9k Thu Dec 8, 2022: forecast 2.9k (80% range 2.2k to 3.7k), actual 3.9k Fri Dec 9, 2022: forecast 2.3k (80% range 1.6k to 2.9k), actual 2.5k Sat Dec 10, 2022: forecast 1.3k (80% range 698 to 1.8k), actual 1.6k Sun Dec 11, 2022: forecast 981 (80% range 458 to 1.6k), actual 1.5k Mon Dec 12, 2022: forecast 3.3k (80% range 2.6k to 4k), actual 2.3k Tue Dec 13, 2022: forecast 2.2k (80% range 1.5k to 3.1k), actual 2.3k Wed Dec 14, 2022: forecast 2.7k (80% range 2k to 3.5k), actual 2k Thu Dec 15, 2022: forecast 2.9k (80% range 2.2k to 3.6k), actual 1.6k Fri Dec 16, 2022: forecast 2.3k (80% range 1.6k to 3.1k), actual 3.1k Sat Dec 17, 2022: forecast 1.3k (80% range 677 to 2k), actual 1.3k Sun Dec 18, 2022: forecast 883 (80% range 280 to 1.5k), actual 1.7k Mon Dec 19, 2022: forecast 3.2k (80% range 2.4k to 4k), actual 3.1k Tue Dec 20, 2022: forecast 2.2k (80% range 1.5k to 3k), actual 2.2k Wed Dec 21, 2022: forecast 2.8k (80% range 2k to 3.6k), actual 2.5k Thu Dec 22, 2022: forecast 2.8k (80% range 2.1k to 3.6k), actual 2.9k Fri Dec 23, 2022: forecast 2.3k (80% range 1.7k to 3k), actual 2.9k Sat Dec 24, 2022: forecast 1.3k (80% range 724 to 1.9k), actual 1.2k Sun Dec 25, 2022: forecast 869 (80% range 226 to 1.6k), actual 106 Mon Dec 26, 2022: forecast 3.2k (80% range 2.3k to 4.2k), actual 776 Tue Dec 27, 2022: forecast 2.2k (80% range 1.3k to 3.1k), actual 3.5k Wed Dec 28, 2022: forecast 2.6k (80% range 1.6k to 3.6k), actual 3.1k Thu Dec 29, 2022: forecast 2.5k (80% range 1.2k to 3.6k), actual 2.2k Fri Dec 30, 2022: forecast 1.4k (80% range 253 to 2.8k), actual 2.3k Sat Dec 31, 2022: forecast 595 (80% range 0 to 1.6k), actual 946
product 1. Dark line: history. Teal: the forecast made on December 3, 2022 with its 80% range (shaded). Dotted line: what actually happened.
Typical error over these 28 days: 26.3% .
Units sold (product 2): recent history, the forecast with its 80% range, and what actually happened 0 1k 2k Oct 9 Oct 23 Nov 6 Nov 20 Dec 4 Dec 18 Forecast made here Sun Oct 9, 2022: 915 units sold Mon Oct 10, 2022: 622 units sold Tue Oct 11, 2022: 751 units sold Wed Oct 12, 2022: 726 units sold Thu Oct 13, 2022: 949 units sold Fri Oct 14, 2022: 571 units sold Sat Oct 15, 2022: 283 units sold Sun Oct 16, 2022: 282 units sold Mon Oct 17, 2022: 787 units sold Tue Oct 18, 2022: 720 units sold Wed Oct 19, 2022: 672 units sold Thu Oct 20, 2022: 881 units sold Fri Oct 21, 2022: 519 units sold Sat Oct 22, 2022: 295 units sold Sun Oct 23, 2022: 420 units sold Mon Oct 24, 2022: 739 units sold Tue Oct 25, 2022: 1.2k units sold Wed Oct 26, 2022: 578 units sold Thu Oct 27, 2022: 378 units sold Fri Oct 28, 2022: 324 units sold Sat Oct 29, 2022: 446 units sold Sun Oct 30, 2022: 702 units sold Mon Oct 31, 2022: 564 units sold Tue Nov 1, 2022: 789 units sold Wed Nov 2, 2022: 829 units sold Thu Nov 3, 2022: 609 units sold Fri Nov 4, 2022: 576 units sold Sat Nov 5, 2022: 175 units sold Sun Nov 6, 2022: 421 units sold Mon Nov 7, 2022: 595 units sold Tue Nov 8, 2022: 488 units sold Wed Nov 9, 2022: 817 units sold Thu Nov 10, 2022: 711 units sold Fri Nov 11, 2022: 421 units sold Sat Nov 12, 2022: 181 units sold Sun Nov 13, 2022: 420 units sold Mon Nov 14, 2022: 609 units sold Tue Nov 15, 2022: 589 units sold Wed Nov 16, 2022: 744 units sold Thu Nov 17, 2022: 492 units sold Fri Nov 18, 2022: 422 units sold Sat Nov 19, 2022: 261 units sold Sun Nov 20, 2022: 528 units sold Mon Nov 21, 2022: 390 units sold Tue Nov 22, 2022: 557 units sold Wed Nov 23, 2022: 467 units sold Thu Nov 24, 2022: 772 units sold Fri Nov 25, 2022: 431 units sold Sat Nov 26, 2022: 190 units sold Sun Nov 27, 2022: 294 units sold Mon Nov 28, 2022: 676 units sold Tue Nov 29, 2022: 628 units sold Wed Nov 30, 2022: 672 units sold Thu Dec 1, 2022: 459 units sold Fri Dec 2, 2022: 505 units sold Sat Dec 3, 2022: 175 units sold Sun Dec 4, 2022: forecast 302 (80% range 174 to 482), actual 456 Mon Dec 5, 2022: forecast 584 (80% range 437 to 771), actual 716 Tue Dec 6, 2022: forecast 570 (80% range 442 to 737), actual 574 Wed Dec 7, 2022: forecast 642 (80% range 511 to 819), actual 325 Thu Dec 8, 2022: forecast 620 (80% range 458 to 840), actual 535 Fri Dec 9, 2022: forecast 478 (80% range 318 to 713), actual 348 Sat Dec 10, 2022: forecast 226 (80% range 99 to 434), actual 328 Sun Dec 11, 2022: forecast 402 (80% range 225 to 721), actual 378 Mon Dec 12, 2022: forecast 721 (80% range 474 to 1.1k), actual 560 Tue Dec 13, 2022: forecast 729 (80% range 453 to 1.2k), actual 559 Wed Dec 14, 2022: forecast 823 (80% range 508 to 1.3k), actual 661 Thu Dec 15, 2022: forecast 885 (80% range 497 to 1.5k), actual 612 Fri Dec 16, 2022: forecast 785 (80% range 332 to 1.6k), actual 432 Sat Dec 17, 2022: forecast 475 (80% range 131 to 1.3k), actual 150 Sun Dec 18, 2022: forecast 717 (80% range 272 to 1.5k), actual 186 Mon Dec 19, 2022: forecast 998 (80% range 546 to 1.7k), actual 1.2k Tue Dec 20, 2022: forecast 941 (80% range 507 to 1.5k), actual 1k Wed Dec 21, 2022: forecast 930 (80% range 474 to 1.6k), actual 2k Thu Dec 22, 2022: forecast 854 (80% range 382 to 1.6k), actual 866 Fri Dec 23, 2022: forecast 638 (80% range 174 to 1.5k), actual 641 Sat Dec 24, 2022: forecast 372 (80% range 0 to 1.1k), actual 410 Sun Dec 25, 2022: forecast 548 (80% range 107 to 1.4k), actual 180 Mon Dec 26, 2022: forecast 742 (80% range 348 to 1.4k), actual 936 Tue Dec 27, 2022: forecast 710 (80% range 361 to 1.3k), actual 915 Wed Dec 28, 2022: forecast 759 (80% range 424 to 1.3k), actual 1.4k Thu Dec 29, 2022: forecast 701 (80% range 388 to 1.1k), actual 605 Fri Dec 30, 2022: forecast 512 (80% range 251 to 921), actual 1.4k Sat Dec 31, 2022: forecast 281 (80% range 80 to 629), actual 284
product 2. Dark line: history. Teal: the forecast made on December 3, 2022 with its 80% range (shaded). Dotted line: what actually happened.
Typical error over these 28 days: 35.8% .
Units sold (product 3): recent history, the forecast with its 80% range, and what actually happened 0 1k 2k Oct 9 Oct 23 Nov 6 Nov 20 Dec 4 Dec 18 Forecast made here Sun Oct 9, 2022: 821 units sold Mon Oct 10, 2022: 1.4k units sold Tue Oct 11, 2022: 1.3k units sold Wed Oct 12, 2022: 1.9k units sold Thu Oct 13, 2022: 1.1k units sold Fri Oct 14, 2022: 1k units sold Sat Oct 15, 2022: 757 units sold Sun Oct 16, 2022: 832 units sold Mon Oct 17, 2022: 1.4k units sold Tue Oct 18, 2022: 1k units sold Wed Oct 19, 2022: 1.5k units sold Thu Oct 20, 2022: 1.3k units sold Fri Oct 21, 2022: 900 units sold Sat Oct 22, 2022: 874 units sold Sun Oct 23, 2022: 652 units sold Mon Oct 24, 2022: 1.9k units sold Tue Oct 25, 2022: 1k units sold Wed Oct 26, 2022: 887 units sold Thu Oct 27, 2022: 678 units sold Fri Oct 28, 2022: 80 units sold Sat Oct 29, 2022: 605 units sold Sun Oct 30, 2022: 1.1k units sold Mon Oct 31, 2022: 1.2k units sold Tue Nov 1, 2022: 1.4k units sold Wed Nov 2, 2022: 1.2k units sold Thu Nov 3, 2022: 906 units sold Fri Nov 4, 2022: 635 units sold Sat Nov 5, 2022: 546 units sold Sun Nov 6, 2022: 386 units sold Mon Nov 7, 2022: 1.2k units sold Tue Nov 8, 2022: 788 units sold Wed Nov 9, 2022: 597 units sold Thu Nov 10, 2022: 587 units sold Fri Nov 11, 2022: 686 units sold Sat Nov 12, 2022: 465 units sold Sun Nov 13, 2022: 896 units sold Mon Nov 14, 2022: 767 units sold Tue Nov 15, 2022: 937 units sold Wed Nov 16, 2022: 602 units sold Thu Nov 17, 2022: 732 units sold Fri Nov 18, 2022: 646 units sold Sat Nov 19, 2022: 553 units sold Sun Nov 20, 2022: 1k units sold Mon Nov 21, 2022: 502 units sold Tue Nov 22, 2022: 714 units sold Wed Nov 23, 2022: 385 units sold Thu Nov 24, 2022: 734 units sold Fri Nov 25, 2022: 610 units sold Sat Nov 26, 2022: 486 units sold Sun Nov 27, 2022: 336 units sold Mon Nov 28, 2022: 1.1k units sold Tue Nov 29, 2022: 555 units sold Wed Nov 30, 2022: 632 units sold Thu Dec 1, 2022: 574 units sold Fri Dec 2, 2022: 590 units sold Sat Dec 3, 2022: 583 units sold Sun Dec 4, 2022: forecast 472 (80% range 240 to 748), actual 476 Mon Dec 5, 2022: forecast 772 (80% range 477 to 1.2k), actual 1.2k Tue Dec 6, 2022: forecast 642 (80% range 365 to 982), actual 579 Wed Dec 7, 2022: forecast 677 (80% range 400 to 1k), actual 513 Thu Dec 8, 2022: forecast 713 (80% range 445 to 1k), actual 629 Fri Dec 9, 2022: forecast 509 (80% range 292 to 773), actual 536 Sat Dec 10, 2022: forecast 454 (80% range 251 to 701), actual 339 Sun Dec 11, 2022: forecast 464 (80% range 236 to 717), actual 324 Mon Dec 12, 2022: forecast 740 (80% range 463 to 1.1k), actual 770 Tue Dec 13, 2022: forecast 628 (80% range 346 to 958), actual 800 Wed Dec 14, 2022: forecast 655 (80% range 358 to 1k), actual 565 Thu Dec 15, 2022: forecast 695 (80% range 408 to 1.1k), actual 499 Fri Dec 16, 2022: forecast 490 (80% range 244 to 762), actual 507 Sat Dec 17, 2022: forecast 426 (80% range 198 to 697), actual 505 Sun Dec 18, 2022: forecast 408 (80% range 175 to 698), actual 476 Mon Dec 19, 2022: forecast 690 (80% range 390 to 1.1k), actual 970 Tue Dec 20, 2022: forecast 611 (80% range 301 to 961), actual 568 Wed Dec 21, 2022: forecast 640 (80% range 324 to 1k), actual 1.1k Thu Dec 22, 2022: forecast 670 (80% range 353 to 1k), actual 680 Fri Dec 23, 2022: forecast 478 (80% range 174 to 788), actual 594 Sat Dec 24, 2022: forecast 414 (80% range 109 to 741), actual 263 Sun Dec 25, 2022: forecast 388 (80% range 67 to 735), actual 123 Mon Dec 26, 2022: forecast 597 (80% range 224 to 1k), actual 180 Tue Dec 27, 2022: forecast 483 (80% range 116 to 890), actual 799 Wed Dec 28, 2022: forecast 481 (80% range 69 to 928), actual 997 Thu Dec 29, 2022: forecast 507 (80% range 56 to 989), actual 534 Fri Dec 30, 2022: forecast 264 (80% range 0 to 701), actual 687 Sat Dec 31, 2022: forecast 219 (80% range 0 to 610), actual 101
product 3. Dark line: history. Teal: the forecast made on December 3, 2022 with its 80% range (shaded). Dotted line: what actually happened.
Typical error over these 28 days: 29.6% .
Units sold (product 4): recent history, the forecast with its 80% range, and what actually happened 0 500 1k 1.5k Oct 9 Oct 23 Nov 6 Nov 20 Dec 4 Dec 18 Forecast made here Sun Oct 9, 2022: 525 units sold Mon Oct 10, 2022: 1.1k units sold Tue Oct 11, 2022: 1.2k units sold Wed Oct 12, 2022: 1.1k units sold Thu Oct 13, 2022: 847 units sold Fri Oct 14, 2022: 1.5k units sold Sat Oct 15, 2022: 866 units sold Sun Oct 16, 2022: 622 units sold Mon Oct 17, 2022: 856 units sold Tue Oct 18, 2022: 1.2k units sold Wed Oct 19, 2022: 1k units sold Thu Oct 20, 2022: 1.5k units sold Fri Oct 21, 2022: 1.4k units sold Sat Oct 22, 2022: 683 units sold Sun Oct 23, 2022: 815 units sold Mon Oct 24, 2022: 332 units sold Tue Oct 25, 2022: 1.5k units sold Wed Oct 26, 2022: 895 units sold Thu Oct 27, 2022: 996 units sold Fri Oct 28, 2022: 184 units sold Sat Oct 29, 2022: 1.1k units sold Sun Oct 30, 2022: 747 units sold Mon Oct 31, 2022: 608 units sold Tue Nov 1, 2022: 588 units sold Wed Nov 2, 2022: 955 units sold Thu Nov 3, 2022: 1.8k units sold Fri Nov 4, 2022: 804 units sold Sat Nov 5, 2022: 782 units sold Sun Nov 6, 2022: 466 units sold Mon Nov 7, 2022: 367 units sold Tue Nov 8, 2022: 1.3k units sold Wed Nov 9, 2022: 905 units sold Thu Nov 10, 2022: 1.4k units sold Fri Nov 11, 2022: 972 units sold Sat Nov 12, 2022: 526 units sold Sun Nov 13, 2022: 636 units sold Mon Nov 14, 2022: 1.4k units sold Tue Nov 15, 2022: 801 units sold Wed Nov 16, 2022: 921 units sold Thu Nov 17, 2022: 724 units sold Fri Nov 18, 2022: 947 units sold Sat Nov 19, 2022: 787 units sold Sun Nov 20, 2022: 501 units sold Mon Nov 21, 2022: 953 units sold Tue Nov 22, 2022: 1.3k units sold Wed Nov 23, 2022: 725 units sold Thu Nov 24, 2022: 847 units sold Fri Nov 25, 2022: 923 units sold Sat Nov 26, 2022: 583 units sold Sun Nov 27, 2022: 599 units sold Mon Nov 28, 2022: 324 units sold Tue Nov 29, 2022: 892 units sold Wed Nov 30, 2022: 771 units sold Thu Dec 1, 2022: 691 units sold Fri Dec 2, 2022: 1.8k units sold Sat Dec 3, 2022: 669 units sold Sun Dec 4, 2022: forecast 478 (80% range 190 to 836), actual 212 Mon Dec 5, 2022: forecast 799 (80% range 440 to 1.2k), actual 323 Tue Dec 6, 2022: forecast 885 (80% range 513 to 1.3k), actual 1.6k Wed Dec 7, 2022: forecast 865 (80% range 499 to 1.3k), actual 591 Thu Dec 8, 2022: forecast 967 (80% range 588 to 1.4k), actual 538 Fri Dec 9, 2022: forecast 845 (80% range 497 to 1.2k), actual 1.1k Sat Dec 10, 2022: forecast 588 (80% range 281 to 935), actual 422 Sun Dec 11, 2022: forecast 519 (80% range 208 to 864), actual 362 Mon Dec 12, 2022: forecast 766 (80% range 422 to 1.2k), actual 225 Tue Dec 13, 2022: forecast 840 (80% range 483 to 1.3k), actual 1.1k Wed Dec 14, 2022: forecast 819 (80% range 452 to 1.2k), actual 698 Thu Dec 15, 2022: forecast 900 (80% range 529 to 1.3k), actual 637 Fri Dec 16, 2022: forecast 836 (80% range 480 to 1.2k), actual 1.2k Sat Dec 17, 2022: forecast 566 (80% range 242 to 944), actual 610 Sun Dec 18, 2022: forecast 477 (80% range 176 to 863), actual 305 Mon Dec 19, 2022: forecast 765 (80% range 408 to 1.2k), actual 480 Tue Dec 20, 2022: forecast 840 (80% range 486 to 1.2k), actual 775 Wed Dec 21, 2022: forecast 843 (80% range 482 to 1.2k), actual 932 Thu Dec 22, 2022: forecast 923 (80% range 528 to 1.3k), actual 1k Fri Dec 23, 2022: forecast 805 (80% range 421 to 1.2k), actual 1.5k Sat Dec 24, 2022: forecast 569 (80% range 239 to 954), actual 422 Sun Dec 25, 2022: forecast 484 (80% range 134 to 871) Mon Dec 26, 2022: forecast 709 (80% range 322 to 1.2k), actual 660 Tue Dec 27, 2022: forecast 786 (80% range 389 to 1.3k), actual 755 Wed Dec 28, 2022: forecast 701 (80% range 267 to 1.3k), actual 639 Thu Dec 29, 2022: forecast 719 (80% range 190 to 1.5k), actual 573 Fri Dec 30, 2022: forecast 694 (80% range 152 to 1.5k), actual 1.2k Sat Dec 31, 2022: forecast 527 (80% range 86 to 1.2k), actual 331
product 4. Dark line: history. Teal: the forecast made on December 3, 2022 with its 80% range (shaded). Dotted line: what actually happened.
Typical error over these 28 days: 35.6% .
Units sold (product 6): recent history, the forecast with its 80% range, and what actually happened 0 5k 10k Oct 9 Oct 23 Nov 6 Nov 20 Dec 4 Dec 18 Forecast made here Sun Oct 9, 2022: 4.8k units sold Mon Oct 10, 2022: 6.5k units sold Tue Oct 11, 2022: 5.8k units sold Wed Oct 12, 2022: 5.3k units sold Thu Oct 13, 2022: 4.1k units sold Fri Oct 14, 2022: 3.7k units sold Sat Oct 15, 2022: 4.2k units sold Sun Oct 16, 2022: 3.7k units sold Mon Oct 17, 2022: 8.7k units sold Tue Oct 18, 2022: 6.1k units sold Wed Oct 19, 2022: 6.1k units sold Thu Oct 20, 2022: 6k units sold Fri Oct 21, 2022: 4.5k units sold Sat Oct 22, 2022: 4.2k units sold Sun Oct 23, 2022: 3k units sold Mon Oct 24, 2022: 8.3k units sold Tue Oct 25, 2022: 7.3k units sold Wed Oct 26, 2022: 4.7k units sold Thu Oct 27, 2022: 4.3k units sold Fri Oct 28, 2022: 600 units sold Sat Oct 29, 2022: 4k units sold Sun Oct 30, 2022: 3.6k units sold Mon Oct 31, 2022: 9.5k units sold Tue Nov 1, 2022: 7.2k units sold Wed Nov 2, 2022: 7k units sold Thu Nov 3, 2022: 7k units sold Fri Nov 4, 2022: 5.2k units sold Sat Nov 5, 2022: 4.3k units sold Sun Nov 6, 2022: 3.2k units sold Mon Nov 7, 2022: 7.4k units sold Tue Nov 8, 2022: 5.3k units sold Wed Nov 9, 2022: 6.1k units sold Thu Nov 10, 2022: 5.8k units sold Fri Nov 11, 2022: 5.6k units sold Sat Nov 12, 2022: 4.5k units sold Sun Nov 13, 2022: 5.3k units sold Mon Nov 14, 2022: 6.4k units sold Tue Nov 15, 2022: 6.6k units sold Wed Nov 16, 2022: 6.7k units sold Thu Nov 17, 2022: 4.8k units sold Fri Nov 18, 2022: 4.4k units sold Sat Nov 19, 2022: 3.4k units sold Sun Nov 20, 2022: 4.6k units sold Mon Nov 21, 2022: 5.1k units sold Tue Nov 22, 2022: 4.4k units sold Wed Nov 23, 2022: 4.5k units sold Thu Nov 24, 2022: 5.2k units sold Fri Nov 25, 2022: 3.2k units sold Sat Nov 26, 2022: 3.5k units sold Sun Nov 27, 2022: 3.4k units sold Mon Nov 28, 2022: 7.8k units sold Tue Nov 29, 2022: 4.8k units sold Wed Nov 30, 2022: 7.5k units sold Thu Dec 1, 2022: 5.1k units sold Fri Dec 2, 2022: 5k units sold Sat Dec 3, 2022: 3.9k units sold Sun Dec 4, 2022: forecast 3.3k (80% range 2.1k to 4.4k), actual 3.1k Mon Dec 5, 2022: forecast 6k (80% range 4.5k to 7.7k), actual 7.2k Tue Dec 6, 2022: forecast 5.7k (80% range 4.2k to 7.2k), actual 4.8k Wed Dec 7, 2022: forecast 6k (80% range 4.5k to 7.5k), actual 4.8k Thu Dec 8, 2022: forecast 5.5k (80% range 4k to 7k), actual 5.4k Fri Dec 9, 2022: forecast 4.8k (80% range 3.4k to 6.1k), actual 4.7k Sat Dec 10, 2022: forecast 3.7k (80% range 2.5k to 5k), actual 3.9k Sun Dec 11, 2022: forecast 3.3k (80% range 2k to 4.5k), actual 2.3k Mon Dec 12, 2022: forecast 6k (80% range 4.4k to 7.6k), actual 6.8k Tue Dec 13, 2022: forecast 5.7k (80% range 4.2k to 7.2k), actual 5.4k Wed Dec 14, 2022: forecast 5.8k (80% range 4.2k to 7.5k), actual 5.3k Thu Dec 15, 2022: forecast 5.5k (80% range 3.9k to 7k), actual 5.2k Fri Dec 16, 2022: forecast 4.8k (80% range 3.4k to 6.1k), actual 5.5k Sat Dec 17, 2022: forecast 3.8k (80% range 2.5k to 5k), actual 4k Sun Dec 18, 2022: forecast 3.2k (80% range 1.9k to 4.4k), actual 3k Mon Dec 19, 2022: forecast 5.9k (80% range 4.2k to 7.5k), actual 8k Tue Dec 20, 2022: forecast 5.6k (80% range 3.9k to 7.2k), actual 5.9k Wed Dec 21, 2022: forecast 5.7k (80% range 4k to 7.2k), actual 6.4k Thu Dec 22, 2022: forecast 5.3k (80% range 3.7k to 6.7k), actual 5.9k Fri Dec 23, 2022: forecast 4.6k (80% range 3k to 5.9k), actual 6.1k Sat Dec 24, 2022: forecast 3.6k (80% range 2k to 4.8k), actual 2.7k Sun Dec 25, 2022: forecast 3k (80% range 1.2k to 4.2k), actual 928 Mon Dec 26, 2022: forecast 5.5k (80% range 3.6k to 7.3k), actual 1.5k Tue Dec 27, 2022: forecast 5.3k (80% range 3.2k to 7k), actual 7k Wed Dec 28, 2022: forecast 5.4k (80% range 3.3k to 7.3k), actual 6.6k Thu Dec 29, 2022: forecast 5.1k (80% range 2.8k to 7.1k), actual 5.8k Fri Dec 30, 2022: forecast 4.3k (80% range 2.2k to 6.1k), actual 6k Sat Dec 31, 2022: forecast 3.2k (80% range 1.2k to 4.9k), actual 3.3k
product 6. Dark line: history. Teal: the forecast made on December 3, 2022 with its 80% range (shaded). Dotted line: what actually happened.
Typical error over these 28 days: 18.5% .
Units sold (product 7): recent history, the forecast with its 80% range, and what actually happened 0 2k 4k Oct 9 Oct 23 Nov 6 Nov 20 Dec 4 Dec 18 Forecast made here Sun Oct 9, 2022: 1.8k units sold Mon Oct 10, 2022: 2.4k units sold Tue Oct 11, 2022: 2.1k units sold Wed Oct 12, 2022: 1.9k units sold Thu Oct 13, 2022: 1.5k units sold Fri Oct 14, 2022: 1.4k units sold Sat Oct 15, 2022: 1.5k units sold Sun Oct 16, 2022: 1.3k units sold Mon Oct 17, 2022: 3.2k units sold Tue Oct 18, 2022: 2.2k units sold Wed Oct 19, 2022: 2.2k units sold Thu Oct 20, 2022: 2.2k units sold Fri Oct 21, 2022: 1.7k units sold Sat Oct 22, 2022: 1.6k units sold Sun Oct 23, 2022: 1.1k units sold Mon Oct 24, 2022: 3k units sold Tue Oct 25, 2022: 2.7k units sold Wed Oct 26, 2022: 1.7k units sold Thu Oct 27, 2022: 1.6k units sold Fri Oct 28, 2022: 220 units sold Sat Oct 29, 2022: 1.5k units sold Sun Oct 30, 2022: 1.3k units sold Mon Oct 31, 2022: 3.5k units sold Tue Nov 1, 2022: 2.6k units sold Wed Nov 2, 2022: 2.6k units sold Thu Nov 3, 2022: 2.6k units sold Fri Nov 4, 2022: 1.9k units sold Sat Nov 5, 2022: 1.6k units sold Sun Nov 6, 2022: 1.2k units sold Mon Nov 7, 2022: 2.7k units sold Tue Nov 8, 2022: 1.9k units sold Wed Nov 9, 2022: 2.2k units sold Thu Nov 10, 2022: 2.1k units sold Fri Nov 11, 2022: 2k units sold Sat Nov 12, 2022: 1.6k units sold Sun Nov 13, 2022: 1.9k units sold Mon Nov 14, 2022: 2.4k units sold Tue Nov 15, 2022: 2.4k units sold Wed Nov 16, 2022: 2.5k units sold Thu Nov 17, 2022: 1.8k units sold Fri Nov 18, 2022: 1.6k units sold Sat Nov 19, 2022: 1.3k units sold Sun Nov 20, 2022: 1.7k units sold Mon Nov 21, 2022: 1.9k units sold Tue Nov 22, 2022: 1.6k units sold Wed Nov 23, 2022: 1.6k units sold Thu Nov 24, 2022: 1.9k units sold Fri Nov 25, 2022: 1.2k units sold Sat Nov 26, 2022: 1.3k units sold Sun Nov 27, 2022: 1.3k units sold Mon Nov 28, 2022: 2.8k units sold Tue Nov 29, 2022: 1.7k units sold Wed Nov 30, 2022: 2.7k units sold Thu Dec 1, 2022: 1.9k units sold Fri Dec 2, 2022: 1.8k units sold Sat Dec 3, 2022: 1.4k units sold Sun Dec 4, 2022: forecast 1.2k (80% range 611 to 1.7k), actual 1.1k Mon Dec 5, 2022: forecast 2.2k (80% range 1.6k to 2.8k), actual 2.6k Tue Dec 6, 2022: forecast 2k (80% range 1.4k to 2.6k), actual 1.8k Wed Dec 7, 2022: forecast 2.1k (80% range 1.5k to 2.7k), actual 1.8k Thu Dec 8, 2022: forecast 2k (80% range 1.4k to 2.6k), actual 2k Fri Dec 9, 2022: forecast 1.7k (80% range 1.1k to 2.2k), actual 1.7k Sat Dec 10, 2022: forecast 1.3k (80% range 781 to 1.9k), actual 1.4k Sun Dec 11, 2022: forecast 1.2k (80% range 622 to 1.7k), actual 836 Mon Dec 12, 2022: forecast 2.2k (80% range 1.5k to 2.8k), actual 2.5k Tue Dec 13, 2022: forecast 2k (80% range 1.3k to 2.6k), actual 2k Wed Dec 14, 2022: forecast 2.1k (80% range 1.5k to 2.7k), actual 2k Thu Dec 15, 2022: forecast 2k (80% range 1.4k to 2.6k), actual 2k Fri Dec 16, 2022: forecast 1.7k (80% range 1.1k to 2.2k), actual 2.1k Sat Dec 17, 2022: forecast 1.3k (80% range 708 to 1.8k), actual 1.5k Sun Dec 18, 2022: forecast 1.1k (80% range 492 to 1.7k), actual 1.1k Mon Dec 19, 2022: forecast 2.1k (80% range 1.4k to 2.7k), actual 3k Tue Dec 20, 2022: forecast 2k (80% range 1.3k to 2.6k), actual 2.1k Wed Dec 21, 2022: forecast 2.1k (80% range 1.5k to 2.7k), actual 2.5k Thu Dec 22, 2022: forecast 2k (80% range 1.4k to 2.5k), actual 1.5k Fri Dec 23, 2022: forecast 1.8k (80% range 1.1k to 2.2k), actual 1.7k Sat Dec 24, 2022: forecast 1.5k (80% range 825 to 1.9k), actual 2.2k Sun Dec 25, 2022: forecast 1.3k (80% range 558 to 1.8k), actual 1.2k Mon Dec 26, 2022: forecast 2k (80% range 1.3k to 2.7k), actual 1k Tue Dec 27, 2022: forecast 1.9k (80% range 1.2k to 2.5k), actual 1k Wed Dec 28, 2022: forecast 2.1k (80% range 1.3k to 2.7k), actual 2.1k Thu Dec 29, 2022: forecast 1.9k (80% range 1k to 2.6k), actual 3.8k Fri Dec 30, 2022: forecast 1.5k (80% range 544 to 2.4k), actual 1.4k Sat Dec 31, 2022: forecast 1.2k (80% range 214 to 2k), actual 1.6k
product 7. Dark line: history. Teal: the forecast made on December 3, 2022 with its 80% range (shaded). Dotted line: what actually happened.
Typical error over these 28 days: 19.7% .
Dairy accuracy: typical error (WAPE), lower is better
Method In testing on past data (5 runs) On the hidden 28 days
Chronos-2 with covariates chosen
19.3%
23.0%
Chronos-2 (AI foundation model)
19.7%
22.7%
Exponential smoothing (ETS)
21.5%
23.2%
Theta
21.9%
24.8%
Seasonal naive
26.8%
27.1%
Naive (last value)
45.6%
38.7%
We pick the method with the best score in testing, before seeing the hidden period. That is why the chosen method is not always the best one afterwards.
The plan: Four-week production plan for the yogurt line
Recommended: produce 58,100 units of product 1, 21,100 units of product 2, 17,700 units of product 3, 23,700 units of product 4, 140,400 units of product 6, 44,400 units of product 7 in 38 production runs over the next 28 days. Expected total cost $233,875, 12% less than producing the forecast plus 10%.
Why this plan: it balances the cost of running short ($2 per unit) against holding stock ($0.01 per unit per day), waste after the shelf life, and fixed costs per run, within the shared capacity.
Expected outcome: 91.5% of demand served, 31,438 units wasted, versus 86.9% served and 3,561 wasted with the rule of thumb.
Reality check: this plan was made as of Dec 03, 2022 without seeing later data. Replayed on what actually happened, it cost $204,542 against $225,911 for the rule of thumb: a measured saving of $21,369 (9.5%).
Stock left over at the end of the period (still within shelf life, at cost) is worth $8,925 under the plan and $400 under the rule of thumb. These comparisons count it as spent; in practice most of it carries into the next period.
Dairy plan: first 12 of 38 planned actions (with example costs)
Item Action Packs Pack size Units Unit Order by Arrives Cost
product 6 produce 212 100 21,200 units 2022-12-06 2022-12-06 10,140
product 2 produce 26 100 2,600 units 2022-12-07 2022-12-07 1,770
product 3 produce 16 100 1,600 units 2022-12-07 2022-12-07 1,320
product 4 produce 18 100 1,800 units 2022-12-07 2022-12-07 1,410
product 6 produce 2 100 200 units 2022-12-07 2022-12-07 690
product 4 produce 14 100 1,400 units 2022-12-08 2022-12-08 1,230
product 6 produce 39 100 3,900 units 2022-12-08 2022-12-08 2,355
product 7 produce 47 100 4,700 units 2022-12-08 2022-12-08 2,715
product 1 produce 149 100 14,900 units 2022-12-09 2022-12-09 7,305
product 3 produce 21 100 2,100 units 2022-12-09 2022-12-09 1,545
product 4 produce 9 100 900 units 2022-12-10 2022-12-10 1,005
product 6 produce 166 100 16,600 units 2022-12-10 2022-12-10 8,070
Full case study, data source and license
Capital Bikeshare: hourly rentals for the next 7 days, using the weather
"Forecast hourly bike rentals for the next 7 days using the weather forecast, split by casual vs. registered riders, so we know where to rebalance and when to schedule maintenance."
The request, in the customer's words.
We expect about 35,590 bike rentals over the next 168 hours, about 212 per hour on average.
Forecast vs what actually happened
Bike rentals: recent history, the forecast with its 80% range, and what actually happened 0 250 500 750 Mon Nov 26 Wed Nov 28 Fri Nov 30 Mon Dec 3 Wed Dec 5 Fri Dec 7 Forecast made here Mon Nov 26, 12 AM: 23 bike rentals Mon Nov 26, 1 AM: 10 bike rentals Mon Nov 26, 2 AM: 5 bike rentals Mon Nov 26, 3 AM: 5 bike rentals Mon Nov 26, 4 AM: 10 bike rentals Mon Nov 26, 5 AM: 41 bike rentals Mon Nov 26, 6 AM: 124 bike rentals Mon Nov 26, 7 AM: 365 bike rentals Mon Nov 26, 8 AM: 638 bike rentals Mon Nov 26, 9 AM: 286 bike rentals Mon Nov 26, 10 AM: 147 bike rentals Mon Nov 26, 11 AM: 130 bike rentals Mon Nov 26, 12 PM: 210 bike rentals Mon Nov 26, 1 PM: 217 bike rentals Mon Nov 26, 2 PM: 228 bike rentals Mon Nov 26, 3 PM: 230 bike rentals Mon Nov 26, 4 PM: 346 bike rentals Mon Nov 26, 5 PM: 553 bike rentals Mon Nov 26, 6 PM: 521 bike rentals Mon Nov 26, 7 PM: 371 bike rentals Mon Nov 26, 8 PM: 277 bike rentals Mon Nov 26, 9 PM: 181 bike rentals Mon Nov 26, 10 PM: 104 bike rentals Mon Nov 26, 11 PM: 65 bike rentals Tue Nov 27, 12 AM: 26 bike rentals Tue Nov 27, 1 AM: 6 bike rentals Tue Nov 27, 2 AM: 5 bike rentals Tue Nov 27, 3 AM: 4 bike rentals Tue Nov 27, 4 AM: 5 bike rentals Tue Nov 27, 5 AM: 31 bike rentals Tue Nov 27, 6 AM: 100 bike rentals Tue Nov 27, 7 AM: 293 bike rentals Tue Nov 27, 8 AM: 500 bike rentals Tue Nov 27, 9 AM: 268 bike rentals Tue Nov 27, 10 AM: 57 bike rentals Tue Nov 27, 11 AM: 65 bike rentals Tue Nov 27, 12 PM: 76 bike rentals Tue Nov 27, 1 PM: 77 bike rentals Tue Nov 27, 2 PM: 94 bike rentals Tue Nov 27, 3 PM: 155 bike rentals Tue Nov 27, 4 PM: 257 bike rentals Tue Nov 27, 5 PM: 527 bike rentals Tue Nov 27, 6 PM: 482 bike rentals Tue Nov 27, 7 PM: 350 bike rentals Tue Nov 27, 8 PM: 232 bike rentals Tue Nov 27, 9 PM: 185 bike rentals Tue Nov 27, 10 PM: 97 bike rentals Tue Nov 27, 11 PM: 67 bike rentals Wed Nov 28, 12 AM: 23 bike rentals Wed Nov 28, 1 AM: 12 bike rentals Wed Nov 28, 2 AM: 1 bike rentals Wed Nov 28, 3 AM: 3 bike rentals Wed Nov 28, 4 AM: 4 bike rentals Wed Nov 28, 5 AM: 39 bike rentals Wed Nov 28, 6 AM: 136 bike rentals Wed Nov 28, 7 AM: 409 bike rentals Wed Nov 28, 8 AM: 692 bike rentals Wed Nov 28, 9 AM: 322 bike rentals Wed Nov 28, 10 AM: 161 bike rentals Wed Nov 28, 11 AM: 146 bike rentals Wed Nov 28, 12 PM: 208 bike rentals Wed Nov 28, 1 PM: 214 bike rentals Wed Nov 28, 2 PM: 176 bike rentals Wed Nov 28, 3 PM: 179 bike rentals Wed Nov 28, 4 PM: 325 bike rentals Wed Nov 28, 5 PM: 563 bike rentals Wed Nov 28, 6 PM: 542 bike rentals Wed Nov 28, 7 PM: 387 bike rentals Wed Nov 28, 8 PM: 263 bike rentals Wed Nov 28, 9 PM: 223 bike rentals Wed Nov 28, 10 PM: 154 bike rentals Wed Nov 28, 11 PM: 78 bike rentals Thu Nov 29, 12 AM: 29 bike rentals Thu Nov 29, 1 AM: 16 bike rentals Thu Nov 29, 2 AM: 7 bike rentals Thu Nov 29, 3 AM: 7 bike rentals Thu Nov 29, 4 AM: 7 bike rentals Thu Nov 29, 5 AM: 42 bike rentals Thu Nov 29, 6 AM: 121 bike rentals Thu Nov 29, 7 AM: 362 bike rentals Thu Nov 29, 8 AM: 679 bike rentals Thu Nov 29, 9 AM: 299 bike rentals Thu Nov 29, 10 AM: 178 bike rentals Thu Nov 29, 11 AM: 163 bike rentals Thu Nov 29, 12 PM: 236 bike rentals Thu Nov 29, 1 PM: 224 bike rentals Thu Nov 29, 2 PM: 187 bike rentals Thu Nov 29, 3 PM: 220 bike rentals Thu Nov 29, 4 PM: 370 bike rentals Thu Nov 29, 5 PM: 561 bike rentals Thu Nov 29, 6 PM: 537 bike rentals Thu Nov 29, 7 PM: 344 bike rentals Thu Nov 29, 8 PM: 252 bike rentals Thu Nov 29, 9 PM: 208 bike rentals Thu Nov 29, 10 PM: 151 bike rentals Thu Nov 29, 11 PM: 130 bike rentals Fri Nov 30, 12 AM: 52 bike rentals Fri Nov 30, 1 AM: 19 bike rentals Fri Nov 30, 2 AM: 12 bike rentals Fri Nov 30, 3 AM: 4 bike rentals Fri Nov 30, 4 AM: 3 bike rentals Fri Nov 30, 5 AM: 40 bike rentals Fri Nov 30, 6 AM: 106 bike rentals Fri Nov 30, 7 AM: 352 bike rentals Fri Nov 30, 8 AM: 729 bike rentals Fri Nov 30, 9 AM: 330 bike rentals Fri Nov 30, 10 AM: 169 bike rentals Fri Nov 30, 11 AM: 201 bike rentals Fri Nov 30, 12 PM: 268 bike rentals Fri Nov 30, 1 PM: 262 bike rentals Fri Nov 30, 2 PM: 251 bike rentals Fri Nov 30, 3 PM: 296 bike rentals Fri Nov 30, 4 PM: 405 bike rentals Fri Nov 30, 5 PM: 582 bike rentals Fri Nov 30, 6 PM: 509 bike rentals Fri Nov 30, 7 PM: 377 bike rentals Fri Nov 30, 8 PM: 245 bike rentals Fri Nov 30, 9 PM: 183 bike rentals Fri Nov 30, 10 PM: 163 bike rentals Fri Nov 30, 11 PM: 110 bike rentals Sat Dec 1, 12 AM: 108 bike rentals Sat Dec 1, 1 AM: 69 bike rentals Sat Dec 1, 2 AM: 50 bike rentals Sat Dec 1, 3 AM: 15 bike rentals Sat Dec 1, 4 AM: 5 bike rentals Sat Dec 1, 5 AM: 13 bike rentals Sat Dec 1, 6 AM: 27 bike rentals Sat Dec 1, 7 AM: 63 bike rentals Sat Dec 1, 8 AM: 144 bike rentals Sat Dec 1, 9 AM: 193 bike rentals Sat Dec 1, 10 AM: 256 bike rentals Sat Dec 1, 11 AM: 392 bike rentals Sat Dec 1, 12 PM: 446 bike rentals Sat Dec 1, 1 PM: 509 bike rentals Sat Dec 1, 2 PM: 479 bike rentals Sat Dec 1, 3 PM: 484 bike rentals Sat Dec 1, 4 PM: 443 bike rentals Sat Dec 1, 5 PM: 320 bike rentals Sat Dec 1, 6 PM: 297 bike rentals Sat Dec 1, 7 PM: 249 bike rentals Sat Dec 1, 8 PM: 198 bike rentals Sat Dec 1, 9 PM: 158 bike rentals Sat Dec 1, 10 PM: 147 bike rentals Sat Dec 1, 11 PM: 126 bike rentals Sun Dec 2, 12 AM: 117 bike rentals Sun Dec 2, 1 AM: 94 bike rentals Sun Dec 2, 2 AM: 74 bike rentals Sun Dec 2, 3 AM: 25 bike rentals Sun Dec 2, 4 AM: 7 bike rentals Sun Dec 2, 5 AM: 8 bike rentals Sun Dec 2, 6 AM: 16 bike rentals Sun Dec 2, 7 AM: 31 bike rentals Sun Dec 2, 8 AM: 93 bike rentals Sun Dec 2, 9 AM: 172 bike rentals Sun Dec 2, 10 AM: 293 bike rentals Sun Dec 2, 11 AM: 355 bike rentals Sun Dec 2, 12 PM: 520 bike rentals Sun Dec 2, 1 PM: 431 bike rentals Sun Dec 2, 2 PM: 473 bike rentals Sun Dec 2, 3 PM: 417 bike rentals Sun Dec 2, 4 PM: 443 bike rentals Sun Dec 2, 5 PM: 303 bike rentals Sun Dec 2, 6 PM: 203 bike rentals Sun Dec 2, 7 PM: 174 bike rentals Sun Dec 2, 8 PM: 154 bike rentals Sun Dec 2, 9 PM: 99 bike rentals Sun Dec 2, 10 PM: 96 bike rentals Sun Dec 2, 11 PM: 51 bike rentals Mon Dec 3, 12 AM: forecast 29 (80% range 15 to 45), actual 21 Mon Dec 3, 1 AM: forecast 20 (80% range 7.5 to 34), actual 13 Mon Dec 3, 2 AM: forecast 13 (80% range 0 to 25), actual 10 Mon Dec 3, 3 AM: forecast 14 (80% range 2.5 to 27), actual 8 Mon Dec 3, 4 AM: forecast 18 (80% range 6 to 33), actual 5 Mon Dec 3, 5 AM: forecast 39 (80% range 26 to 58), actual 38 Mon Dec 3, 6 AM: forecast 132 (80% range 99 to 169), actual 138 Mon Dec 3, 7 AM: forecast 403 (80% range 343 to 459), actual 396 Mon Dec 3, 8 AM: forecast 672 (80% range 592 to 756), actual 731 Mon Dec 3, 9 AM: forecast 302 (80% range 257 to 349), actual 308 Mon Dec 3, 10 AM: forecast 169 (80% range 136 to 202), actual 136 Mon Dec 3, 11 AM: forecast 192 (80% range 154 to 225), actual 233 Mon Dec 3, 12 PM: forecast 264 (80% range 222 to 303), actual 268 Mon Dec 3, 1 PM: forecast 262 (80% range 216 to 310), actual 321 Mon Dec 3, 2 PM: forecast 244 (80% range 195 to 292), actual 260 Mon Dec 3, 3 PM: forecast 271 (80% range 215 to 329), actual 268 Mon Dec 3, 4 PM: forecast 398 (80% range 339 to 448), actual 442 Mon Dec 3, 5 PM: forecast 638 (80% range 571 to 704), actual 708 Mon Dec 3, 6 PM: forecast 581 (80% range 515 to 642), actual 692 Mon Dec 3, 7 PM: forecast 386 (80% range 326 to 437), actual 471 Mon Dec 3, 8 PM: forecast 273 (80% range 224 to 314), actual 300 Mon Dec 3, 9 PM: forecast 189 (80% range 149 to 222), actual 221 Mon Dec 3, 10 PM: forecast 133 (80% range 104 to 161), actual 144 Mon Dec 3, 11 PM: forecast 88 (80% range 67 to 113), actual 102 Tue Dec 4, 12 AM: forecast 37 (80% range 25 to 52), actual 55 Tue Dec 4, 1 AM: forecast 25 (80% range 13 to 39), actual 25 Tue Dec 4, 2 AM: forecast 22 (80% range 12 to 34), actual 8 Tue Dec 4, 3 AM: forecast 17 (80% range 6.3 to 28), actual 4 Tue Dec 4, 4 AM: forecast 20 (80% range 7.8 to 29), actual 7 Tue Dec 4, 5 AM: forecast 32 (80% range 17 to 52), actual 46 Tue Dec 4, 6 AM: forecast 130 (80% range 94 to 169), actual 153 Tue Dec 4, 7 AM: forecast 430 (80% range 359 to 493), actual 502 Tue Dec 4, 8 AM: forecast 679 (80% range 594 to 765), actual 721 Tue Dec 4, 9 AM: forecast 319 (80% range 256 to 376), actual 336 Tue Dec 4, 10 AM: forecast 170 (80% range 128 to 212), actual 156 Tue Dec 4, 11 AM: forecast 195 (80% range 152 to 235), actual 207 Tue Dec 4, 12 PM: forecast 255 (80% range 199 to 307), actual 312 Tue Dec 4, 1 PM: forecast 236 (80% range 186 to 284), actual 272 Tue Dec 4, 2 PM: forecast 213 (80% range 164 to 262), actual 270 Tue Dec 4, 3 PM: forecast 240 (80% range 188 to 290), actual 300 Tue Dec 4, 4 PM: forecast 380 (80% range 301 to 446), actual 435 Tue Dec 4, 5 PM: forecast 673 (80% range 574 to 754), actual 743 Tue Dec 4, 6 PM: forecast 594 (80% range 492 to 670), actual 731 Tue Dec 4, 7 PM: forecast 391 (80% range 310 to 458), actual 460 Tue Dec 4, 8 PM: forecast 268 (80% range 200 to 321), actual 306 Tue Dec 4, 9 PM: forecast 190 (80% range 139 to 238), actual 280 Tue Dec 4, 10 PM: forecast 135 (80% range 98 to 175), actual 181 Tue Dec 4, 11 PM: forecast 102 (80% range 67 to 134), actual 96 Wed Dec 5, 12 AM: forecast 46 (80% range 22 to 76), actual 37 Wed Dec 5, 1 AM: forecast 25 (80% range 8.5 to 42), actual 11 Wed Dec 5, 2 AM: forecast 18 (80% range 0.3 to 32), actual 9 Wed Dec 5, 3 AM: forecast 16 (80% range 0.6 to 31), actual 7 Wed Dec 5, 4 AM: forecast 16 (80% range 0 to 33), actual 10 Wed Dec 5, 5 AM: forecast 40 (80% range 17 to 68), actual 49 Wed Dec 5, 6 AM: forecast 131 (80% range 75 to 192), actual 124 Wed Dec 5, 7 AM: forecast 396 (80% range 278 to 493), actual 398 Wed Dec 5, 8 AM: forecast 660 (80% range 517 to 783), actual 759 Wed Dec 5, 9 AM: forecast 307 (80% range 220 to 382), actual 388 Wed Dec 5, 10 AM: forecast 160 (80% range 109 to 207), actual 141 Wed Dec 5, 11 AM: forecast 184 (80% range 132 to 227), actual 172 Wed Dec 5, 12 PM: forecast 239 (80% range 178 to 287), actual 232 Wed Dec 5, 1 PM: forecast 231 (80% range 167 to 286), actual 214 Wed Dec 5, 2 PM: forecast 201 (80% range 143 to 255), actual 218 Wed Dec 5, 3 PM: forecast 238 (80% range 173 to 302), actual 285 Wed Dec 5, 4 PM: forecast 348 (80% range 274 to 406), actual 377 Wed Dec 5, 5 PM: forecast 590 (80% range 502 to 663), actual 605 Wed Dec 5, 6 PM: forecast 545 (80% range 443 to 615), actual 609 Wed Dec 5, 7 PM: forecast 366 (80% range 286 to 426), actual 414 Wed Dec 5, 8 PM: forecast 256 (80% range 190 to 306), actual 293 Wed Dec 5, 9 PM: forecast 193 (80% range 140 to 233), actual 198 Wed Dec 5, 10 PM: forecast 136 (80% range 98 to 169), actual 105 Wed Dec 5, 11 PM: forecast 87 (80% range 62 to 114), actual 74 Thu Dec 6, 12 AM: forecast 40 (80% range 26 to 57), actual 44 Thu Dec 6, 1 AM: forecast 27 (80% range 16 to 38), actual 16 Thu Dec 6, 2 AM: forecast 22 (80% range 12 to 33), actual 9 Thu Dec 6, 3 AM: forecast 20 (80% range 10 to 30), actual 2 Thu Dec 6, 4 AM: forecast 22 (80% range 11 to 31), actual 9 Thu Dec 6, 5 AM: forecast 37 (80% range 23 to 57), actual 32 Thu Dec 6, 6 AM: forecast 132 (80% range 97 to 169), actual 124 Thu Dec 6, 7 AM: forecast 408 (80% range 335 to 469), actual 389 Thu Dec 6, 8 AM: forecast 639 (80% range 557 to 719), actual 659 Thu Dec 6, 9 AM: forecast 297 (80% range 241 to 345), actual 276 Thu Dec 6, 10 AM: forecast 163 (80% range 128 to 199), actual 145 Thu Dec 6, 11 AM: forecast 179 (80% range 144 to 213), actual 178 Thu Dec 6, 12 PM: forecast 226 (80% range 183 to 271), actual 235 Thu Dec 6, 1 PM: forecast 220 (80% range 179 to 259), actual 245 Thu Dec 6, 2 PM: forecast 203 (80% range 165 to 242), actual 212 Thu Dec 6, 3 PM: forecast 234 (80% range 191 to 270), actual 270 Thu Dec 6, 4 PM: forecast 341 (80% range 280 to 392), actual 331 Thu Dec 6, 5 PM: forecast 590 (80% range 515 to 652), actual 617 Thu Dec 6, 6 PM: forecast 536 (80% range 456 to 604), actual 565 Thu Dec 6, 7 PM: forecast 370 (80% range 306 to 426), actual 373 Thu Dec 6, 8 PM: forecast 252 (80% range 198 to 292), actual 227 Thu Dec 6, 9 PM: forecast 192 (80% range 154 to 229), actual 191 Thu Dec 6, 10 PM: forecast 143 (80% range 114 to 173), actual 133 Thu Dec 6, 11 PM: forecast 103 (80% range 78 to 130), actual 93 Fri Dec 7, 12 AM: forecast 48 (80% range 28 to 70), actual 48 Fri Dec 7, 1 AM: forecast 26 (80% range 12 to 40), actual 28 Fri Dec 7, 2 AM: forecast 20 (80% range 6.1 to 32), actual 11 Fri Dec 7, 3 AM: forecast 16 (80% range 4.7 to 27), actual 5 Fri Dec 7, 4 AM: forecast 16 (80% range 4.2 to 28), actual 10 Fri Dec 7, 5 AM: forecast 33 (80% range 19 to 46), actual 26 Fri Dec 7, 6 AM: forecast 117 (80% range 87 to 148), actual 84 Fri Dec 7, 7 AM: forecast 329 (80% range 273 to 383), actual 215 Fri Dec 7, 8 AM: forecast 589 (80% range 502 to 665), actual 441 Fri Dec 7, 9 AM: forecast 295 (80% range 250 to 339), actual 301 Fri Dec 7, 10 AM: forecast 162 (80% range 132 to 190), actual 166 Fri Dec 7, 11 AM: forecast 180 (80% range 146 to 208), actual 203 Fri Dec 7, 12 PM: forecast 232 (80% range 196 to 264), actual 240 Fri Dec 7, 1 PM: forecast 233 (80% range 193 to 275), actual 220 Fri Dec 7, 2 PM: forecast 221 (80% range 180 to 259), actual 215 Fri Dec 7, 3 PM: forecast 250 (80% range 201 to 296), actual 303 Fri Dec 7, 4 PM: forecast 361 (80% range 293 to 421), actual 375 Fri Dec 7, 5 PM: forecast 520 (80% range 443 to 588), actual 568 Fri Dec 7, 6 PM: forecast 445 (80% range 367 to 516), actual 498 Fri Dec 7, 7 PM: forecast 318 (80% range 260 to 371), actual 352 Fri Dec 7, 8 PM: forecast 215 (80% range 163 to 259), actual 241 Fri Dec 7, 9 PM: forecast 166 (80% range 128 to 199), actual 171 Fri Dec 7, 10 PM: forecast 139 (80% range 106 to 170), actual 165 Fri Dec 7, 11 PM: forecast 112 (80% range 88 to 138), actual 122 Sat Dec 8, 12 AM: forecast 90 (80% range 66 to 111), actual 103 Sat Dec 8, 1 AM: forecast 65 (80% range 49 to 81), actual 100 Sat Dec 8, 2 AM: forecast 43 (80% range 30 to 59), actual 70 Sat Dec 8, 3 AM: forecast 27 (80% range 16 to 38), actual 29 Sat Dec 8, 4 AM: forecast 20 (80% range 8.9 to 30), actual 12 Sat Dec 8, 5 AM: forecast 21 (80% range 9.2 to 32), actual 6 Sat Dec 8, 6 AM: forecast 33 (80% range 21 to 47), actual 20 Sat Dec 8, 7 AM: forecast 68 (80% range 47 to 94), actual 39 Sat Dec 8, 8 AM: forecast 133 (80% range 99 to 171), actual 111 Sat Dec 8, 9 AM: forecast 194 (80% range 150 to 237), actual 170 Sat Dec 8, 10 AM: forecast 268 (80% range 206 to 325), actual 287 Sat Dec 8, 11 AM: forecast 343 (80% range 269 to 412), actual 404 Sat Dec 8, 12 PM: forecast 397 (80% range 314 to 476), actual 486 Sat Dec 8, 1 PM: forecast 421 (80% range 329 to 503), actual 547 Sat Dec 8, 2 PM: forecast 425 (80% range 325 to 511), actual 542 Sat Dec 8, 3 PM: forecast 421 (80% range 323 to 510), actual 541 Sat Dec 8, 4 PM: forecast 393 (80% range 300 to 487), actual 507 Sat Dec 8, 5 PM: forecast 338 (80% range 256 to 423), actual 345 Sat Dec 8, 6 PM: forecast 269 (80% range 200 to 348), actual 304 Sat Dec 8, 7 PM: forecast 210 (80% range 156 to 270), actual 246 Sat Dec 8, 8 PM: forecast 160 (80% range 120 to 205), actual 182 Sat Dec 8, 9 PM: forecast 137 (80% range 98 to 175), actual 209 Sat Dec 8, 10 PM: forecast 126 (80% range 95 to 161), actual 160 Sat Dec 8, 11 PM: forecast 118 (80% range 89 to 146), actual 162 Sun Dec 9, 12 AM: forecast 96 (80% range 73 to 126), actual 118 Sun Dec 9, 1 AM: forecast 81 (80% range 56 to 108), actual 102 Sun Dec 9, 2 AM: forecast 60 (80% range 40 to 82), actual 78 Sun Dec 9, 3 AM: forecast 35 (80% range 21 to 47), actual 48 Sun Dec 9, 4 AM: forecast 22 (80% range 11 to 34), actual 12 Sun Dec 9, 5 AM: forecast 22 (80% range 9.6 to 33), actual 8 Sun Dec 9, 6 AM: forecast 28 (80% range 14 to 42), actual 6 Sun Dec 9, 7 AM: forecast 50 (80% range 28 to 68), actual 23 Sun Dec 9, 8 AM: forecast 98 (80% range 64 to 130), actual 69 Sun Dec 9, 9 AM: forecast 172 (80% range 120 to 223), actual 103 Sun Dec 9, 10 AM: forecast 252 (80% range 182 to 316), actual 219 Sun Dec 9, 11 AM: forecast 299 (80% range 222 to 369), actual 250 Sun Dec 9, 12 PM: forecast 341 (80% range 262 to 420), actual 315 Sun Dec 9, 1 PM: forecast 340 (80% range 256 to 434), actual 285 Sun Dec 9, 2 PM: forecast 325 (80% range 239 to 417), actual 232 Sun Dec 9, 3 PM: forecast 294 (80% range 208 to 378), actual 225 Sun Dec 9, 4 PM: forecast 252 (80% range 164 to 350), actual 253 Sun Dec 9, 5 PM: forecast 196 (80% range 127 to 291), actual 229 Sun Dec 9, 6 PM: forecast 157 (80% range 98 to 236), actual 198 Sun Dec 9, 7 PM: forecast 122 (80% range 74 to 181), actual 122 Sun Dec 9, 8 PM: forecast 93 (80% range 61 to 141), actual 108 Sun Dec 9, 9 PM: forecast 75 (80% range 50 to 109), actual 96 Sun Dec 9, 10 PM: forecast 62 (80% range 43 to 89), actual 78 Sun Dec 9, 11 PM: forecast 49 (80% range 30 to 65), actual 51
Dark line: history. Teal: the forecast made on December 2, 2012 at 11 PM with its 80% range (shaded). Dotted line: what actually happened.
Typical error over these 168 hours: 13.3% .
Bike rentals accuracy: typical error (WAPE), lower is better
Method In testing on past data (5 runs) On the hidden 168 hours
Chronos-2 with covariates chosen
28.6%
13.3%
Chronos-2 (AI foundation model)
34.2%
16.9%
Exponential smoothing (ETS)
44.5%
33.7%
Theta
47.3%
33.4%
Seasonal naive
62.7%
58.9%
Naive (last value)
82.9%
83.9%
We pick the method with the best score in testing, before seeing the hidden period. That is why the chosen method is not always the best one afterwards.
Full case study, data source and license
Pizza Place: pizzas sold per day, next 14 days
"Forecast how many pizzas (and orders) we'll sell each day and each hour for the next 14 days, by pizza type, so I can plan dough prep and how many people to put on each shift."
The request, in the customer's words.
We expect about 1,946 pizzas sold over the next 14 days, about 139 per day on average.
Forecast vs what actually happened
Pizzas sold: recent history, the forecast with its 80% range, and what actually happened 0 100 200 Oct 20 Oct 29 Nov 7 Nov 16 Nov 25 Dec 4 Dec 13 Forecast made here Tue Oct 20, 2015: 154 pizzas sold Wed Oct 21, 2015: 149 pizzas sold Thu Oct 22, 2015: 145 pizzas sold Fri Oct 23, 2015: 154 pizzas sold Sat Oct 24, 2015: 160 pizzas sold Sun Oct 25, 2015: 114 pizzas sold Mon Oct 26, 2015: 117 pizzas sold Tue Oct 27, 2015: 120 pizzas sold Wed Oct 28, 2015: 104 pizzas sold Thu Oct 29, 2015: 131 pizzas sold Fri Oct 30, 2015: 166 pizzas sold Sat Oct 31, 2015: 165 pizzas sold Sun Nov 1, 2015: 124 pizzas sold Mon Nov 2, 2015: 138 pizzas sold Tue Nov 3, 2015: 114 pizzas sold Wed Nov 4, 2015: 121 pizzas sold Thu Nov 5, 2015: 124 pizzas sold Fri Nov 6, 2015: 190 pizzas sold Sat Nov 7, 2015: 156 pizzas sold Sun Nov 8, 2015: 127 pizzas sold Mon Nov 9, 2015: 151 pizzas sold Tue Nov 10, 2015: 126 pizzas sold Wed Nov 11, 2015: 118 pizzas sold Thu Nov 12, 2015: 153 pizzas sold Fri Nov 13, 2015: 141 pizzas sold Sat Nov 14, 2015: 142 pizzas sold Sun Nov 15, 2015: 113 pizzas sold Mon Nov 16, 2015: 136 pizzas sold Tue Nov 17, 2015: 117 pizzas sold Wed Nov 18, 2015: 130 pizzas sold Thu Nov 19, 2015: 162 pizzas sold Fri Nov 20, 2015: 148 pizzas sold Sat Nov 21, 2015: 131 pizzas sold Sun Nov 22, 2015: 84 pizzas sold Mon Nov 23, 2015: 148 pizzas sold Tue Nov 24, 2015: 131 pizzas sold Wed Nov 25, 2015: 144 pizzas sold Thu Nov 26, 2015: 266 pizzas sold Fri Nov 27, 2015: 264 pizzas sold Sat Nov 28, 2015: 118 pizzas sold Sun Nov 29, 2015: 115 pizzas sold Mon Nov 30, 2015: 134 pizzas sold Tue Dec 1, 2015: forecast 134 (80% range 109 to 158), actual 131 Wed Dec 2, 2015: forecast 133 (80% range 109 to 157), actual 132 Thu Dec 3, 2015: forecast 148 (80% range 123 to 172), actual 136 Fri Dec 4, 2015: forecast 164 (80% range 140 to 188), actual 176 Sat Dec 5, 2015: forecast 145 (80% range 120 to 169), actual 160 Sun Dec 6, 2015: forecast 116 (80% range 92 to 140), actual 144 Mon Dec 7, 2015: forecast 134 (80% range 110 to 158), actual 150 Tue Dec 8, 2015: forecast 134 (80% range 109 to 158), actual 110 Wed Dec 9, 2015: forecast 133 (80% range 109 to 157), actual 160 Thu Dec 10, 2015: forecast 148 (80% range 123 to 172), actual 118 Fri Dec 11, 2015: forecast 164 (80% range 140 to 188), actual 164 Sat Dec 12, 2015: forecast 145 (80% range 120 to 169), actual 127 Sun Dec 13, 2015: forecast 116 (80% range 92 to 140), actual 130 Mon Dec 14, 2015: forecast 134 (80% range 110 to 158), actual 131
Dark line: history. Teal: the forecast made on November 30, 2015 with its 80% range (shaded). Dotted line: what actually happened.
Typical error over these 14 days: 10.2% .
Pizza place accuracy: typical error (WAPE), lower is better
Method In testing on past data (5 runs) On the hidden 14 days
Exponential smoothing (ETS) chosen
11.9%
10.2%
Theta
12.0%
11.0%
Chronos-2 (AI foundation model)
12.1%
10.1%
Naive (last value)
13.7%
10.7%
Seasonal naive
15.5%
31.9%
We pick the method with the best score in testing, before seeing the hidden period. That is why the chosen method is not always the best one afterwards.
The plan: Two-week ingredient order plan from the pizza forecast
Recommended: order 510 kg of dough, 215 kg of mozzarella, 177 kg of tomato sauce, 2,050 units of boxes in 16 orders over the next 14 days. Expected total cost $5,262, 24% less than ordering the forecast plus 20%.
Why this plan: it balances the cost of running short ($9 of margin per pizza that cannot be made) against holding stock ($0.01 per unit per day), waste after the shelf life, with deliveries only on Mondays and Thursdays.
Expected outcome: 97.6% of demand served, 109 units wasted, versus 94.9% served and 109 wasted with the rule of thumb.
Reality check: replayed on what actually happened after Nov 30, 2015, the rule of thumb did better this time ($5,102 against $5,596, 10% cheaper). Across the forecast scenarios the plan is still the better bet on average, but this period did not show it.
Stock left over at the end of the period (still within shelf life, at cost) is worth $513 under the plan and $35 under the rule of thumb. These comparisons count it as spent; in practice most of it carries into the next period.
Pizza place plan: first 12 of 16 planned actions (with example costs)
Item Action Packs Pack size Units Unit Order by Arrives Cost
dough_kg order 16 10 160 kg 2015-12-01 2015-12-03 176
mozzarella_kg order 28 2.5 70 kg 2015-12-01 2015-12-03 455
tomato_sauce_kg order 20 3 60 kg 2015-12-01 2015-12-03 132
boxes order 14 50 700 units 2015-12-01 2015-12-03 245
dough_kg order 14 10 140 kg 2015-12-05 2015-12-07 154
mozzarella_kg order 21 2.5 52.5 kg 2015-12-05 2015-12-07 341
tomato_sauce_kg order 14 3 42 kg 2015-12-05 2015-12-07 92.4
boxes order 10 50 500 units 2015-12-05 2015-12-07 175
dough_kg order 16 10 160 kg 2015-12-08 2015-12-10 176
mozzarella_kg order 30 2.5 75 kg 2015-12-08 2015-12-10 488
tomato_sauce_kg order 20 3 60 kg 2015-12-08 2015-12-10 132
boxes order 14 50 700 units 2015-12-08 2015-12-10 245
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